Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of Meganucleases?

  • They target short sequences of DNA.
  • They are highly specific but lack flexibility in their target. (correct)
  • They require a large number of components to function.
  • They produce double-strand breaks without any targets.

    • Which statement about ZFNs is correct?

  • They combine a zinc finger DNA-binding domain with a cleavage domain. (correct)
  • They are natural enzymes found in all organisms.
  • They recognize specific sequences but have low off-target effects.
  • They work with a single protein to achieve DNA cleavage.

    • What distinguishes TALENs from ZFNs?

  • TALENs are less specific than ZFNs.
  • TALENs allow for easier extension of the DNA-binding motif. (correct)
  • TALENs require a single protein component.
  • TALENs do not produce off-target effects.

    • Which feature is common to CRISPR/Cas9 and Argonaute?

    <p>They both use RNA as a guide for DNA targeting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using CRISPR/Cas9 technology?

    <p>It can tolerate mismatches leading to off-target cleavages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of guide does the Argonaute system use in eukaryotes?

    <p>siRNA or microRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might off-target effects be a concern when using ZFNs?

    <p>Because off-target cleavage can lead to unintended mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of TALENs?

    <p>They use a single guide RNA for targeting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in molecular genetics?

    <p>To cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) primarily achieve?

    <p>Amplifies specific DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In quantitative PCR (qPCR), what does a lower Cycle threshold (ct) value indicate?

    <p>Higher starting amount of target DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using probes in Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis?

    <p>To visualize DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequencing technology allows for the sequencing of millions of DNA fragments simultaneously?

    <p>Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dideoxynucleoside triphosphate (ddNTP) in dideoxy sequencing?

    <p>To prevent DNA synthesis when incorporated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Southern Blotting?

    <p>Transfers DNA fragments from a gel to a solid medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key step in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

    <p>Mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gene cloning, what are plasmids?

    <p>Circular DNA molecules that replicate independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sequencing technology utilizes changes in electrical current to determine the sequence?

    <p>Nanopore Sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of a band in a PCR analysis indicate?

    <p>Target sequence was successfully amplified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates third-generation sequencing from next generation sequencing?

    <p>It can sequence longer DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using expression vectors in genetic engineering?

    <p>To maximize transcription and translation of foreign DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the intensity of bands in a Southern blot analysis indicate?

    <p>Rough estimate of the amount of target sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between orthologous and paralogous genes?

    <p>Orthologous genes are involved in similar biochemical functions across species, while paralogous genes retain the same function within the same species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is NOT typically used in transcriptomics?

    <p>Mass spectrometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following modifications typically leads to gene repression?

    <p>DNA methylation at CpG islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of 'erasers' in epigenetics?

    <p>To remove modifications from DNA and histones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evolutionary force is primarily known for increasing genetic variation?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Hardy-Weinberg law, which statement about predictions is correct?

    <p>Genotype frequencies will remain stable if conditions are met.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of quantitative traits in contrast to qualitative traits?

    <p>Qualitative traits have distinct phenotypic categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do non-coding RNAs typically do in gene regulation?

    <p>Interact with mRNA or recruit chromatin-modifying complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In quantitative genetics, heritability is used to measure what aspect?

    <p>The total phenotypic variation attributable to genetic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of QTL mapping?

    <p>It reveals associations between genetic markers and phenotypic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which circumstance would genetic drift most significantly reduce genetic variation?

    <p>After a population bottleneck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does migration affect genetic variation between populations?

    <p>It increases variation within populations while reducing variation between them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 'writers' in the context of epigenetics?

    <p>To add epigenetic modifications to DNA and histones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'p' represent in Hardy-Weinberg equations?

    <p>Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of forward genetics?

    <p>Identify the gene responsible for a phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is commonly used in reverse genetics for reducing gene expression?

    <p>RNA interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair process?

    <p>Induction of small insertions or deletions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the difference between meganucleases and CRISPR-Cas systems?

    <p>Meganucleases bind directly to long sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of whole-genome shotgun sequencing?

    <p>It is faster and less expensive than map-based sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does a tag-SNP serve in genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?

    <p>To represent a haplotype region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutations are induced in organisms during random mutagenesis?

    <p>Random mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does linkage disequilibrium (LD) affect allele association?

    <p>Certain allele combinations occur more frequently than expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of homology-directed repair (HDR) in DNA repair mechanisms?

    <p>It uses a provided DNA template for repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is primarily focused on understanding gene function?

    <p>Gene knockout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes CRISPR systems from TALENs and ZFNs?

    <p>CRISPR relies on DNA/RNA hybridization for target recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of creating a genetic map in map-based sequencing?

    <p>It shows the relative order of genes through recombination frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular scissors are typically easier to design?

    <p>CRISPR-Cas9 systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a haplotype?

    <p>A specific set of SNPs from a single chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology

    • This field involves techniques for analyzing and manipulating DNA to understand and apply genetic information.

    Restriction Enzymes

    • Used by bacteria to defend against viruses.
    • Endonucleases that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites).
    • Type II enzymes are frequently used in molecular genetics as they recognize short palindromic sequences and produce sticky or blunt ends.
    • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs) can identify variations in DNA sequences through analyzing restriction enzyme digestion fragments. Probes can visualize these fragments.

    Gel Electrophoresis

    • Separates molecules based on size and electrical charge.
    • DNA fragments (negative) migrate toward the positive electrode; smaller fragments move faster.

    Southern Blotting

    • Transfers DNA fragments from a gel to a solid medium for further analysis.

    Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    • A method for quickly amplifying fragments of DNA.
    • Each cycle doubles the target sequence.
    • PCR uses a heat-stable DNA polymerase and primers that flank the target sequence to repeatedly denature, anneal, and extend DNA strands.

    Quantitative PCR (qPCR) AKA Real-Time PCR

    • More precise quantification of DNA.
    • Measures fluorescence to track amplification in real-time.
    • Cycle threshold (Ct) value is used for quantification a lower Ct value indicates a higher starting amount of DNA.

    Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Aka genetic engineering.
    • Manipulating DNA from multiple sources.
    • Analyzing, altering, and recombining DNA.

    Gene Cloning

    • Amplifying specific DNA fragments using bacteria (plasmids).
    • Cloning vectors are altered plasmids designed to insert foreign DNA, which is then used to transform bacteria.
    • Selection markers identify bacteria that have taken up the plasmid.

    Dideoxy Sequencing (Sanger Sequencing)

    • Uses dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNTPs) to terminate DNA synthesis.
    • Small fragments of different lengths are separated by gel electrophoresis.

    Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

    • Sequences millions of DNA fragments simultaneously.
    • Rapid and cost-effective sequencing of genomes.
    • Relies on sequencing by synthesis.

    Genomics and Proteomics

    • Map-based sequencing is a time-consuming and labor-intensive methodology.
    • Involves creating genetic and physical maps, identifying overlapping DNA fragments, and sequencing the clones.
    • Whole-genome shotgun sequencing is faster and less expensive, fragmenting DNA and sequencing it directly, and then assembling the sequences.

    Haplotype, Linkage Disequilibrium, and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

    • A haplotype is a set of SNPs on a single chromosome.
    • SNPs within a haplotype are physically linked.
    • Linkage disequilibrium is the nonrandom association of alleles at different loci.
    • GWAS aims to identify associations between genetic regions and traits.

    Transcriptomics

    • The study of all RNA molecules in an organism or tissue.
    • Techniques include RNA sequencing and microarray analysis.

    Proteomics

    • The study of the proteome, all the proteins present in a cell, tissue, or organism, using techniques like mass spectrometry.

    Epigenetics

    • Heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.
    • Includes DNA methylation and histone modifications.
    • Epigenetic modifications can affect gene expression by influencing how accessible DNA is to the transcriptional machinery.
    • Writers, Readers, and Erasers are enzymes responsible for establishing, interpreting, and removing epigenetic marks.

    Population Genetics

    • Hardy-Weinberg law describes allele and genotype frequencies in stable populations not undergoing evolutionary forces.
    • Assumptions for this law involve large population size, no migration, no mutation, and no natural selection.
    • Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic variation, ranging from 0 to 1.

    Qualitative and Quantitative Genetics

    • Qualitative traits are discrete (e.g., yes/no), while quantitative traits are continuous (e.g., height).
    • Qualitative traits are often controlled by one or a few genes, while quantitative traits are more complex, influenced by many genes.

    Quantitative Characteristics

    • Determined by many genes and environmental factors.
    • Include polygenic features and overlapping phenotype ranges.

    Population Genetics

    • The Hardy-Weinberg law describes the allele and genotype frequencies in populations not undergoing evolutionary forces. *
    • It assumes large population size; no migration, mutation, or natural selection.*
    • Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic variation.*

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    Genetics Questions - Molecular Genetic Analysis PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on molecular genetic analysis and modern biotechnology techniques. This quiz covers topics such as restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, and PCR. Understand how these methods manipulate and analyze DNA for genetic research.

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