40 Questions
What is the primary function of the 5' cap in mRNA?
To protect the mRNA molecule from degradation
What is the purpose of adding a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of mRNA?
To increase the stability of the mRNA molecule
In which direction does RNA polymerase read the template DNA strand during transcription?
5'-3' direction
What is the primary function of transcription in gene expression?
To transcribe the genetic information from DNA to RNA
What is the sequence of events during gene expression?
Transcription, RNA processing, translation
What is the primary function of the RNA polymerase enzyme in eukaryotes?
To synthesize mRNA from DNA
What is the term for the sequence of nucleotide triplets that specifies amino acids?
Genetic code
Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?
In the cytoplasm
What is the term for the process of converting DNA information into protein information?
Protein synthesis
What is the function of the primary RNA transcript in eukaryotes?
To be processed into a mature mRNA
What is the primary function of genes in directing biochemical and cellular processes?
Encoding either a polypeptide or a functional RNA molecule
What is the role of miRNA and siRNA in gene expression?
Regulating the expression of individual genes
What is the difference between haemoglobin and lysozyme proteins?
Haemoglobin is composed of multiple polypeptides, while lysozyme is composed of a single polypeptide
What is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis?
RNA
What are the two main processes linking gene to protein?
Transcription and translation
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules?
To translate mRNA codons into amino acids
How many different tRNA molecules are involved in linking specific mRNA codons with particular amino acids?
45
During translation, what is the role of the ribosome?
To add each amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain
What is the term for the phenomenon where more than one codon sequence codes for the same amino acid?
Redundancy
What is the name of the process by which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?
Translation
What is the primary function of RNA splicing in eukaryotic gene expression?
To join amino-acid coding sequences together
What is the effect of a frameshift mutation involving a number of nucleotides that is not a multiple of 3 on the amino acid sequence?
It results in a missense mutation
What is the role of the leader sequence in the mature mRNA?
It provides a binding site for ribosomes
What is the function of the poly(A) tail in the mature mRNA?
It helps to stabilize the mRNA
What type of mutation is most likely to occur due to errors during DNA replication, repair, or recombination?
Spontaneous mutation
What is the effect of an insertion or deletion of 3 nucleotides on the amino acid sequence?
It has no significant effect on the amino acid sequence
What is the purpose of the transcription termination signal in eukaryotic gene expression?
To terminate transcription
What is the composition of mammalian haemoglobin?
Four globin protein subunits
What is the role of mutagens in producing mutations?
They generate chemical and structural changes in DNA
What is the consequence of a frameshift mutation on the resulting protein?
It results in a protein with an altered function
What is the consequence of a silent mutation in a protein-coding DNA sequence?
The codon sequence of the mRNA changes, but the amino acid sequence of the protein remains the same
What is the term for the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner on the complementary strand with another pair of nucleotides?
Base pair substitution
What is the result of a missense mutation in a protein-coding DNA sequence?
The codon sequence of the mRNA changes, resulting in a different amino acid
What is the characteristic of the genetic code that allows for silent mutations to occur?
Multiple codons code for the same amino acid
What is the consequence of an insertion or deletion in a protein-coding DNA sequence?
A frameshift mutation occurs
What is the term for the process of converting DNA information into protein information?
Gene expression
What is the role of the codon sequence of the mRNA in protein synthesis?
It specifies the amino acid sequence of the protein
What is the result of a base pair substitution in a protein-coding DNA sequence?
A silent mutation or a missense mutation can occur
What is the characteristic of the genetic code that ensures its specificity?
Each codon specifies a unique amino acid
What is the relationship between the codon sequence of the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of the protein?
The codon sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence of the protein
Understand the processes of transcription and translation, where DNA information is converted into protein information in cells. Learn how messenger RNA is synthesized from DNA and how polypeptides are formed using mRNA.
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