Molecular Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who is credited with the discovery of the relationship between guanine and cytosine, and adenine and thymine?

  • Miescher
  • James Watson
  • Erwin Chargaff (correct)
  • Friedrich Miescher

    • What is the typical range of optical density of extracted DNA at 260nm and 280nm?

  • 0.5 to 1.0
  • 1.6 to 2.0 (correct)
  • 3.0 to 4.0
  • 2.5 to 3.5

    • What is the name of the process that separates charged molecules based on varying rates of migration through a solid matrix when subjected to an electric field?

  • Chromatography
  • Spectrophotometry
  • Electrophoresis (correct)
  • Centrifugation

    • What is the primary function of helicase in the transcription process?

    <p>Unwinding of double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is most abundant in cellular or total RNA?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amino acid sequences found in mRNA?

    <p>Codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the structure of nucleosomes?

    <p>Nucleosomes have a left-handed helix structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is commonly used as a non-radioactive label in molecular biology?

    <p>Biotin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of cycles typically performed in a PCR reaction?

    <p>30 cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the detection standard used in performing ELISA?

    <p>To add the standard dilution and samples to each well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'normal' karyotype refer to?

    <p>An individual without any genetic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a PCR reaction mixture?

    <p>Fluorescent dye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular marker is commonly used to determine paternity?

    <p>STRs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of quantitative DNA amplification?

    <p>To measure DNA amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is NOT used in karyotyping?

    <p>Western Blotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the loading buffer in SDS-PAGE?

    <p>NaOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the HER2 gene encode?

    <p>A receptor involved in cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about quantitative PCR (qPCR)?

    <p>It measures DNA amplification during each cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical volume of standard dilution or samples added to each well in ELISA?

    <p>50uL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA is used in Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide Probe Hybridization?

    <p>Genomic DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation FISH stands for?

    <p>Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is commonly used to capture images of chromosomes during karyotyping?

    <p>Fluorescence microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of micronutrients that is excluded?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular process is commonly evaded by cancer cells to allow for continuous growth?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding 0.5mL of lysis buffer to the cells?

    <p>To extract nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol in the extraction solution?

    <p>25:24:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of centrifuging the sample at high speed for five minutes?

    <p>To separate the phases of the extraction solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the phases after centrifugation?

    <p>Aqueous, Interphase, Organic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal temperature for primer annealing during cDNA synthesis?

    <p>65 degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected number of cycles achieved after 2-4 hours of PCR testing?

    <p>25-30 cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that may affect primer hybridization?

    <p>Salt concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to visualize DNA amplification via qPCR?

    <p>Fluorometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>To inhibit cell cycle progression and repair damaged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of microRNAs in cancer?

    <p>They regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory method is used to detect HER2 amplification in breast cancer?

    <p>FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recommended to reduce tumor progression in a patient with breast cancer who overexpresses the HER2 gene?

    <p>Trastuzumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gene most commonly mutated in human cancers?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein that is often overexpressed in cancers and acts as a marker for cell proliferation?

    <p>Ki-67</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to measure gene expression levels in tumors?

    <p>PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of panel reactive antibody (%PRA) is considered to be highly sensitized?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Purity

    • Erwin Chargaff observed that the quantity of guanine equals the quantity of cytosine, and the quantity of adenine is similar to the amount of thymine.
    • The optical density of extracted DNA at 260nm and 280nm is between 1.6 and 2.0.
    • Miescher was the first scientist to isolate DNA.

    Nucleic Acid Separation and Analysis

    • Nucleic acids are separated based on size differences in rate-zonal centrifugation.
    • Electrophoresis separates charged molecules based on varying rates of migration through a solid matrix when subjected to an electric field.
    • In SDS-PAGE, the loading buffer components do not include NaOH.

    RNA and PCR

    • rRNA is the most abundant naturally occurring RNA in cellular or total RNA.
    • PCR reaction mixture does not include fluorescent dye.
    • Primer annealing during cDNA synthesis should be done at 65 degrees Celsius.
    • The minimum number of cycles typically performed in a PCR reaction is 30.
    • qPCR measures DNA amplification quantitatively during each cycle.

    DNA Amplification and Detection

    • FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization) is used to visualize the hybridized probes under a microscope.
    • The lower phase of phase separation is also called the organic phase.
    • Fluorometry is used to measure DNA amplification.
    • The detection step in FISH is used to visualize the hybridized probes under a microscope.

    Genetics and Genomics

    • The HER2 gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor.
    • DNA microarrays are used to detect HER2 amplification in breast cancer.
    • Sequence-Specific PCR is used to amplify a panel of alleles.
    • STRs are commonly used to determine paternity.

    Karyotyping and Molecular Biology

    • A "normal" karyotype refers to an individual without any genetic disorders.
    • Western Blotting is not used in karyotyping.
    • In ELISA, the next step after adding the standard dilution and samples to each well is to incubate at room temperature for 2 hours.
    • The HLA genotype is determined by assessing which probes were hybridized.

    Pharmacogenomics and Cancer

    • Trastuzumab is recommended to reduce tumor progression in a patient with breast cancer who overexpresses the HER2 gene.
    • p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers.
    • Ki-67 is a marker for cell proliferation and is often overexpressed in cancers.
    • MicroRNAs regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally and play a significant role in cancer.
    • Irinotecan is classified as a drug that inhibits topoisomerase I.

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