Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a telomere?
What is the primary function of a telomere?
- Chromosome replication
- Protecting chromosome ends from degradation (correct)
- Regulating gene expression
- DNA repair
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA primers during DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA primers during DNA replication?
- RNA polymerase
- Primase (correct)
- Helicase
- DNA polymerase
Which of the following is true about euchromatin?
Which of the following is true about euchromatin?
- It is densely packed and stained darkly
- It is the site of active gene expression (correct)
- It is exclusively found in prokaryotic cells
- It is transcriptionally inactive
Which DNA sequence is recognized by restriction enzymes?
Which DNA sequence is recognized by restriction enzymes?
What mechanism ensures dosage compensation in mammals?
What mechanism ensures dosage compensation in mammals?
What is the basic unit of chromatin structure?
What is the basic unit of chromatin structure?
Which type of genetic variation is associated with microsatellites?
Which type of genetic variation is associated with microsatellites?
What is the genetic material of retroviruses?
What is the genetic material of retroviruses?
Which method is used to detect large blocks of DNA repeats organized in tandem arrays?
Which method is used to detect large blocks of DNA repeats organized in tandem arrays?
What percentage of the human genome is composed of protein-coding exons?
What percentage of the human genome is composed of protein-coding exons?
What key knowledge is required for positional cloning?
What key knowledge is required for positional cloning?
At which level does the regulation of gene expression occur in eukaryotic cells?
At which level does the regulation of gene expression occur in eukaryotic cells?
Which agarose gel concentration is suitable for fractionating uncut genomic DNA?
Which agarose gel concentration is suitable for fractionating uncut genomic DNA?
What substance mimics allolactose to remove the lac repressor protein in E. coli?
What substance mimics allolactose to remove the lac repressor protein in E. coli?
What type of DNA sequences were identified by density gradient ultracentrifugation in eukaryote genomes?
What type of DNA sequences were identified by density gradient ultracentrifugation in eukaryote genomes?
What defines heterochromatin in genomic structures?
What defines heterochromatin in genomic structures?
How has the understanding of 'one gene one protein' changed?
How has the understanding of 'one gene one protein' changed?
What is considered a main source of genetic variation?
What is considered a main source of genetic variation?
Flashcards
What are telomeres?
What are telomeres?
Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, preventing degradation and ensuring chromosome stability during replication.
What does primase do?
What does primase do?
Primase synthesizes short RNA primers on the DNA template, providing a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin replication.
What is euchromatin?
What is euchromatin?
Euchromatin is the less condensed form of chromatin, allowing for active gene expression.
What do restriction enzymes do?
What do restriction enzymes do?
Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific palindromic DNA sequences, acting as molecular scissors for DNA manipulation.
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How is dosage compensation achieved in mammals?
How is dosage compensation achieved in mammals?
X-inactivation in females ensures equal dosage of X-linked genes by silencing one X chromosome, creating a Barr body.
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What is non-coding RNA?
What is non-coding RNA?
Non-coding RNA does not directly code for proteins, but plays vital roles in gene regulation, translation, and other cellular processes.
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What is the role of the centromere?
What is the role of the centromere?
The centromere is the constricted region of a chromosome that serves as the attachment point for spindle fibers during cell division.
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What is the function of a promoter?
What is the function of a promoter?
A promoter is a DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene, allowing RNA polymerase to bind and initiate transcription.
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Satellite DNA
Satellite DNA
Repetitive DNA sequences arranged in tandem arrays.
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Positional Cloning
Positional Cloning
A method used to map and identify genes based on their location in the genome.
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Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
The process of separating DNA fragments based on their size using an electric current in a gel matrix.
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Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)
A molecular mimic of allolactose, used to induce gene expression through the lac operon.
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Heterochromatin
Heterochromatin
Regions of DNA that are densely packed and transcriptionally inactive.
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One gene one protein
One gene one protein
The principle that one gene codes for one protein, has been expanded by the discovery of alternative splicing.
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Evolution
Evolution
The continuous ongoing process of evolution that drives changes in species over time.
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Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift
The process of changing the genetic makeup of a population due to random fluctuations in gene frequencies.
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Gene Flow
Gene Flow
The introduction of new genetic variation into a population from other populations.
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation
Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation
The sources of variation that contribute to differences in traits and genetic makeup within a population.
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Multiple Choice Questions
- Telomere function: Protects chromosome ends from degradation
- RNA primer synthesis enzyme: Primase
- Euchromatin characteristic: Site of active gene expression
- Restriction enzyme recognition sequence: Palindromic sequences
- Dosage compensation mechanism in mammals: X-inactivation
- Non-coding RNA example: tRNA
- Spindle fiber attachment structure: Centromere
- Promoter function: Binds RNA polymerase to initiate transcription
- Transposable element using RNA: Class I elements
- Chromatin unit: Nucleosome
- Microsatellite variation type: Tandem repeats
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption: Large population size
- Retrovirus genetic material: Single-stranded RNA
- Start codon function: Specifies where to begin translation
- Frameshift mutation type: Insertion or deletion
Short Answer Questions (SAQ) - Part A
- Large DNA repeat analysis method: Restriction endonuclease digests and microsatellite DNA polymorphism
- Percentage of human genome contributing to protein-coding exons: Less than 2%
- Positional cloning prerequisite: Knowledge about the map location of a gene
- Eukaryote gene expression regulation: At every stage, from histone modification in chromatin, transcription factors, mRNA processing, mRNA transport, and storage to translation.
- Agarose gel electrophoresis for genomic DNA: 1.5% agarose concentration
- Molecular mimic of allolactose in DH5α E. coli: Isopropyl β- d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)
- Major component identified in eukaryote genome analysis: Tandemly arrayed repetitive DNA sequences (satellite DNA)
- Heterochromatin: Repetitive regions of DNA
- "One gene, one protein" principle modification: Due to alternative splicing
- Sources of phenotypic and genotypic variation: All answers are correct (implied)
Short Answer Questions (SAQ) - Part B
- Is evolution finished? No. Evolution is a continuous process driven by natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and recombination.
- Examples of ongoing evolution:
- Bacteria and drug resistance: Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (e.g., MRSA).
- Human evolution: Lactose tolerance (mutation in the LCT gene in populations with dairy farming), skin pigmentation adaptation.
- Climate change and animal adaptation: Hybridization of Arctic animals (e.g., polar bears and grizzly bears) to changing environments.
- Artificial selection: Development of disease-resistant crop varieties.
- Conclusion: Evolution will continue due to genetic variation and changing environments.
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