Biology Chapter on Nucleic Acids

<p>To carry a copy of the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA to RNA to protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrying amino acids to the ribosome and matching them to the mRNA message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double helix with two strands running in opposite directions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gene is expressed when it is copied into RNA, which is then used to create a protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sequence in the tRNA that is complementary to a codon on the mRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A set of genes that are regulated together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to the operator to block transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It changes shape, and cannot bind the operator, allowing transcription to proceed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily through the regulation of DNA transcription (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is where transcription factors bind to position RNA polymerase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene mutation by changing the DNA sequence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the ribosome reaches a stop codon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide Bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that proteins are produced only when, where and in the amount that they are needed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse transcriptase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will alter the reading frame leading to changes in the amino acid sequence from that point forward. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It specifies the amino acid methionine and initiates translation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the correct amino acid is attached to its corresponding tRNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silent mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To interact with the mRNA codon through complementary base pairing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The protein will be prematurely terminated, resulting in a shorter polypeptide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry the coded message from the DNA to the ribosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shift the reading frame by inserting or deleting nucleotides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dissociate the ribosomal components and free the new polypeptide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3' to 5' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3’ to 5’ direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pairs with U, and G pairs with C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the site at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the formation of a hairpin structure in the mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Splicing, in which introns are removed and exons are reconnected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA directly corresponds to the sequence of amino acids in the protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can happen concurrently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation occur simultaneously in the same 5’ to 3’ direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The insertion of extra amino acid into sequence of the protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow for a higher rate of protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It specifies the first amino acid, methionine, in the polypeptide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are complementary sequences that base pair with each other during translation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To signal the termination of translation, causing the release of the polypeptide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the development of organs in specific body locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They code for transcription factors that activate other genes important for development and cell differentiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to condensed chromatin and blocks gene expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may program the child for food scarcity, potentially leading to obesity in a food-rich environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are multiple changes seen in gene expression at many levels, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and transcription factor activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a tumor suppressor that initiates transcription necessary for preventing cells from overgrowing, but mutations can hinder this function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proto-oncogenes promote cell growth when functioning normally, while tumor suppressor genes prevent excessive cell growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrolled cell growth due to overexpression of the oncogene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent DNA methyl transferase from adding methyl groups to cytosines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing binding of transcription factors, leading to over expression of the gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the likelihood of the transcription factor binding to the promoter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the long (c-FLIPL) variant protein promotes cell growth instead of cell death. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To exploit specific protein overexpressions or gene mutations unique to cancer cells while sparing normal cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tailoring treatments based on an individual’s specific genetic and molecular profile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of copying the genetic instructions from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).

The process of translating the genetic code from mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to build a protein.

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

A molecule that carries the instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

A type of RNA that makes up the ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis.

A type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosomes and matches them to the coded message in mRNA during protein assembly.

The set of rules that specify how the genetic code is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.

The basic unit of heredity that carries the instructions for building proteins and determining traits.

A mobile copy of one or more genes, carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

The process of converting the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information within a cell, from DNA to RNA and then to protein.

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal.

The genetic code is degenerate because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

The genetic code is nearly universal across all living organisms, indicating a shared evolutionary ancestor.

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, which can lead to variations in protein function.

A type of mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by another in DNA.

A point mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of a protein.

A point mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, leading to a truncated protein.

A mutation that inserts or deletes nucleotides, shifting the reading frame of the genetic code.

The process of copying the genetic information from DNA into RNA, using the enzyme RNA polymerase.

A sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

A sequence of DNA that signals the termination of transcription, releasing the newly synthesized mRNA molecule.

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously, as both processes occur in the cytoplasm.

The enzyme that reads nucleotides from a DNA template during transcription.

A specific sequence on DNA that signals where RNA Polymerase should bind to begin transcription.

A sequence on DNA that signals the end of transcription.

The process of removing introns from a pre-mRNA molecule and joining exons together to form mature mRNA.

A type of RNA molecule that carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosomes.

A complex structure made up of proteins and rRNA that is responsible for assembling proteins.

A type of RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosomes and matches them to the coded message in mRNA.

A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

A three-base sequence on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.

The process of attaching the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule.

A type of codon in mRNA that signals the end of translation.

The process by which the polypeptide chain folds into its three-dimensional structure.

The ability of multiple ribosomes to translate the same mRNA molecule simultaneously.

The regulation of gene expression ensures that the right proteins are made at the right time.

A group of genes that are regulated together and usually function related to a common pathway.

A DNA-binding protein that can regulate gene expression by controlling transcription.

A short DNA sequence found upstream of the gene that binds transcription factors.

A type of gene regulation where the expression of a gene is induced or activated in response to a specific signal.

A type of gene regulation where the expression of a gene is repressed or turned off in response to a specific signal.

The Lac Operon is an inducible operon that controls the genes involved in lactose metabolism.

A DNA-binding protein that regulates the Lac Operon by blocking transcription when lactose is absent.

Genes that regulate the development of specific body parts, acting as master switches for body plan formation. They ensure organs form in the correct locations.

Genes that code for transcription factors, proteins that control the expression of other genes. Crucial for development and cell differentiation.

A family of homeobox genes located next to each other on a chromosome. Involved in determining the body’s anterior-posterior axis (head to tail).

The study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be influenced by environmental factors.

A tightly packed form of chromatin (DNA and associated proteins) that is inaccessible to RNA polymerase, effectively silencing gene expression. It's like a closed book.

A loosely packed form of chromatin that is accessible to RNA polymerase, allowing gene expression to occur. It's like an open book.

A protein that wraps around DNA, forming a structure called a nucleosome, which further condenses into chromatin. Histones play a role in regulating gene expression.

Environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability, can influence gene expression. These changes can be passed down to future generations.

A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, often due to alterations in gene expression. Caused by mutations in genes that regulate cell cycle control.

Genes that normally function to prevent excessive cell growth and division. Mutations in these genes can contribute to cancer development.

Genes that normally promote cell growth and division. Mutations in these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development.

A transcription factor that plays a crucial role in cell cycle control and tumor suppression. Mutations in this gene are common in many cancers.

A transcription factor involved in cell growth and differentiation. Mutations in this gene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, particularly in lymphomas.

Medications that target specific proteins or genes involved in disease processes, aiming to disrupt the disease pathway. They are often used to treat cancers.

A type of targeted therapy that exploits the overexpression of a specific protein or gene to treat a disease. It is a personalized approach to medicine.