Molecular Biology Quiz
30 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of molecular biology?

  • The interactions between DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis (correct)
  • The structure and function of cells
  • The study of genetic information in prokaryotes
  • The evolution of unicellular organisms

    • What is the term for the total genetic information of an organism?

  • Genome (correct)
  • Gene
  • DNA
  • Protein

    • Where is DNA contained in a cell?

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Golgi apparatus

    • What percentage of DNA is identical between humans and chimpanzees?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the basic units of inheritance?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the term 'molecular biology' first coined?

    <p>1938</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Carrying the blueprint for life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the essential components of a gene?

    <p>Exons, start site, stop site, and control region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Component of ribosomes, the protein-synthesizing complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Carrying information for protein synthesis from DNA to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DNA grouped into codons?

    <p>Into threes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does translation occur?

    <p>In the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of proteins in a cell?

    <p>A huge proportion of the cell, after water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between codons and amino acids during translation?

    <p>One codon corresponds to one amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nucleotides in metabolic transactions?

    <p>Serve as energy currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cAMP?

    <p>Serve as a second messenger of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit for the synthesis of DNA and RNA?

    <p>Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major purine bases found in DNA and RNA?

    <p>Adenine and Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reusing nitrogenous bases resulting from normal cell turnover?

    <p>Salvage pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a nitrogenous base attached to a pentose sugar through a glycosidic bond?

    <p>Nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nucleotides in carbohydrate synthesis?

    <p>Synthesize carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the modified bases found in viral DNA and transfer RNA?

    <p>Unusual bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced if the sugar is ribose?

    <p>Ribonucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prefix added to the names of deoxyribonucleosides of A, G, C, and T?

    <p>Deoxy-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pentose is found in the recurring deoxyribonucleotide units of DNA?

    <p>2'-deoxy-D-ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when one phosphate group is attached to a nucleoside?

    <p>Nucleoside monophosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nucleic acids in cells?

    <p>Storage and expression of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can DNA be found in plant cells?

    <p>In chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides?

    <p>Type of sugar molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the nucleotide formed when adenosine is attached to three phosphate groups?

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Biology

    • Molecular biology is the branch of biology that studies gene structure and function at the molecular level, overlapping with genetics and biochemistry.
    • The field primarily concerns interactions between DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis, as well as how these interactions are regulated.

    Cells, Genome, Gene, and DNA

    • Almost all cells of a living organism contain genetic information in the form of DNA.
    • Cells from different parts of an organism have the same DNA.
    • Unicellular organisms are prokaryotes, while multicellular organisms are eukaryotes.
    • The genome refers to the total genetic information of an organism, encoded in DNA (or RNA for some viruses).
    • A gene is the basic unit of inheritance, a segment of DNA containing information required for the synthesis of a functional biological product (protein or RNA).

    DNA Structure and Function

    • DNA is contained in the nucleus, arranged in 22 chromosomes, plus two sex chromosomes, with two copies of each (total 46 chromosomes).
    • DNA is 99.9% identical to other humans and 98% to chimpanzees.
    • DNA is about 2 meters long, which is so long that it would stretch to the sun and back 600 times; it is tightly packed in the nucleus.
    • DNA carries the blueprint for life, duplicates for new cells, and makes proteins for biological functions.
    • The DNA molecule is composed of two complementary strands, 5' C-G-A-T-T-G-C-A-A-C-G-A-T-G-C 3' and 3' G-C-T-A-A-C-G-T-T-G-C-T-A-C-G 5'.

    Gene Structure

    • A gene is a segment of DNA with specific instructions for the production of one specific protein.
    • Genes are located on chromosomes at specific loci.
    • Genes must have exons, a start site, a stop site, and a control region.

    RNA and its Types

    • RNAs have a broader range of functions, including:
      • Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) as components of ribosomes, synthesizing proteins.
      • Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) as intermediaries, carrying information for protein synthesis.
      • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) as adapter molecules, translating mRNA information into amino acid sequences.
      • Other RNAs with special functions (snRNA, snoRNA, etc.).

    Messenger RNA

    • mRNA is composed of codons, groups of three nucleotides.
    • Start and stop codons exist.
    • mRNA is modified and travels out of the nucleus.

    Translation

    • Translation uses mRNA as a template to make proteins in ribosomes.
    • One codon corresponds to one amino acid.

    Proteins

    • Proteins make up a huge proportion of cell components (after water).
    • Proteins have many functions:
      • Structural (e.g., collagen in bone)
      • Enzymatic
      • Transmembrane receptors
      • Hormonal
    • Proteins have four levels of structure.

    Nucleotides Functions

    • Serve as energy currency in metabolic transactions (ATP, GTP).
    • Serve as second messengers of hormones and other extracellular stimuli (cAMP).
    • Synthesize carbohydrates (UDP, CDP).
    • Serve as coenzymes (NAD, NADP, FADH2).
    • Store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next.

    Nucleotide Structure

    • A nucleotide has three characteristic components:
      • A nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base
      • A pentose
      • One or more phosphates
    • The molecule without a phosphate group is called a nucleoside.

    Purines and Pyrimidines

    • Both DNA and RNA contain two major purine bases (adenine, guanine) and two major pyrimidines.
    • In DNA, the second common pyrimidine is thymine (T), while in RNA, it is uracil (U).

    Unusual Bases

    • Although nucleotides bearing major purines and pyrimidines are most common, both DNA and RNA contain some minor bases.
    • Found in viral DNA, transfer RNA, and modified bases include methylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and reduction.

    Nucleosides

    • The addition of a pentose sugar to a base through a glycosidic bond produces a nucleoside.
    • If the sugar is ribose, a ribonucleoside is produced; if the sugar is 2-deoxyribose, a deoxyribonucleoside is produced.
    • Examples include adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine.

    Nucleotides

    • The addition of one or more phosphate groups to a nucleoside produces a nucleotide.
    • Examples include nucleoside monophosphates (AMP), nucleoside diphosphates (ADP), and nucleoside triphosphates (ATP).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge of molecular biology, including gene structure and function, interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis, and more.

    More Like This

    Molecular Biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Extraction
    40 questions

    Molecular Biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Extraction

    CheerfulConnemara5055 avatar
    CheerfulConnemara5055
    Molecular Biology Quiz
    13 questions

    Molecular Biology Quiz

    TollFreeLesNabis avatar
    TollFreeLesNabis
    Molecular Biology and Genetics Quiz
    16 questions

    Molecular Biology and Genetics Quiz

    GlowingGarnet avatar
    GlowingGarnet
    Molecular Biology Techniques in Medical Biochemistry
    8 questions

    Molecular Biology Techniques in Medical Biochemistry

    UltraCrispLeprechaun1951 avatar
    UltraCrispLeprechaun1951
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser