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Questions and Answers
How do cancer cells from sarcoma primarily spread throughout the body?
How do cancer cells from sarcoma primarily spread throughout the body?
- Via the lymphatic system
- Through hormonal pathways
- Through blood circulation (correct)
- By direct contact with nearby cells
What type of tissues are affected by carcinoma?
What type of tissues are affected by carcinoma?
- Epithelial tissues (correct)
- Connective tissues
- Muscle tissues
- Nervous tissues
Which of the following statements best describes the initiation step in carcinogenesis?
Which of the following statements best describes the initiation step in carcinogenesis?
- Initiators such as carcinogens change the cellular DNA. (correct)
- Cancer does not alter genetic structures.
- Cells always repair their DNA after damage.
- The process occurs exclusively due to environmental factors.
Which organ is commonly noted as a site for metastasis of carcinoma?
Which organ is commonly noted as a site for metastasis of carcinoma?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sarcoma?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sarcoma?
What is true about permanent cells?
What is true about permanent cells?
What is the main characteristic of stable cells?
What is the main characteristic of stable cells?
How do labile cells respond to chemotherapy?
How do labile cells respond to chemotherapy?
What is a key difference between normal cells and cancer cells regarding apoptosis?
What is a key difference between normal cells and cancer cells regarding apoptosis?
What role do tumor suppressor genes play in normal cells?
What role do tumor suppressor genes play in normal cells?
What is a common characteristic of cancer cells regarding cell cycle progression?
What is a common characteristic of cancer cells regarding cell cycle progression?
Why do normal cells have functional checkpoints during the cell cycle?
Why do normal cells have functional checkpoints during the cell cycle?
Which statement best describes malignant tumors?
Which statement best describes malignant tumors?
What is the primary function of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?
What is the primary function of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?
What type of cancer is primarily discussed in the content?
What type of cancer is primarily discussed in the content?
Which drug targets the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)?
Which drug targets the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)?
Which statement is true concerning breast cancer in the Philippines?
Which statement is true concerning breast cancer in the Philippines?
What is the role of the 'T' in the context of tumor characteristics?
What is the role of the 'T' in the context of tumor characteristics?
What is a common type of breast cancer mentioned in the content?
What is a common type of breast cancer mentioned in the content?
What is the most common feature of breast cancer at diagnosis?
What is the most common feature of breast cancer at diagnosis?
Which drug is associated with targeting lymphocyte markers?
Which drug is associated with targeting lymphocyte markers?
What is the primary purpose of surgery in cancer treatment?
What is the primary purpose of surgery in cancer treatment?
Which of the following best describes chemotherapy?
Which of the following best describes chemotherapy?
What is the function of radiation therapy in treating cancer?
What is the function of radiation therapy in treating cancer?
What are monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) used for in cancer treatment?
What are monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) used for in cancer treatment?
Which type of cancer treatment is an oncologist primarily responsible for?
Which type of cancer treatment is an oncologist primarily responsible for?
What is the role of antineoplastic drugs in chemotherapy?
What is the role of antineoplastic drugs in chemotherapy?
How does targeted therapy differ from traditional chemotherapy?
How does targeted therapy differ from traditional chemotherapy?
What type of cancer does Alemtuzumab target?
What type of cancer does Alemtuzumab target?
What occurs during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?
What occurs during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?
What is the role of the P53 gene in cellular stability?
What is the role of the P53 gene in cellular stability?
How do malignant cells invade surrounding tissues?
How do malignant cells invade surrounding tissues?
Which of the following statements about metastasis is true?
Which of the following statements about metastasis is true?
What enables tumor angiogenesis?
What enables tumor angiogenesis?
Which physical agent is associated with an increased risk of cancer?
Which physical agent is associated with an increased risk of cancer?
What is the primary consequence of mutated tumor suppressor genes?
What is the primary consequence of mutated tumor suppressor genes?
Which mechanism is the most common for the spread of cancer cells?
Which mechanism is the most common for the spread of cancer cells?
How can viruses contribute to cancer development?
How can viruses contribute to cancer development?
Which factor is not associated with tumor promotion?
Which factor is not associated with tumor promotion?
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Study Notes
Cell Types
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Permanent Cells are constantly in G0, they don't divide and are regenerated from stem cells.
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Stable Cells are quiescent (inactive) cells that are stimulated to move from G0 to G1 under certain conditions.
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Labile Cells are never in G0 and have a very short G1 phase.
Normal Cells vs Cancer Cells
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Cell Cycle Regulation in normal cells is controlled by functional checkpoints and tumor suppressor genes/proteins.
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Cancer Cells often have mutations in key regulatory genes, allowing them to bypass checkpoints and avoid apoptosis.
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Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs in normal cells when they are damaged or no longer needed. Cancer cells often evade this process.
Benign Tumors
- They grow slowly but remain localized without invading surrounding tissues.
Malignant Tumors
- They are characterized by poorly differentiated cells and irregular nuclei.
Metastasis
- Carcinoma is a cancer originating from epithelial tissues.
- Sarcoma is a cancer originating from connective tissues.
- Metastasis occurs through both lymphatic and blood systems.
3 Step Cellular Process of Carcinogenesis
- Initiation: Environmental factors (carcinogens) alter the genetic structure of the cellular DNA.
- Promotion: Repeated exposure to promoting agents like growth factors causes the expression of abnormal genetic information.
- Progression: Cellular changes during initiation and promotion lead to increased malignant behavior. This includes invasion and metastasis.
Etiology
- Physical agents such as radiation and excessive sunlight can contribute to carcinogenesis.
- Chemical agents such as tobacco use, drugs, and toxic waste contribute to cancer development.
- Viruses and bacteria can infect cells and alter their DNA, leading to potential cancer development.
Tumor Markers
- Cancer cells release specific substances called tumor markers that can be detected in blood or other body fluids.
Treatment Options
- Surgery: The oldest and most effective treatment method for many cancer types.
- Chemotherapy: Uses antineoplastic drugs to destroy cancer cells by interfering with cellular function.
- Radiation Therapy: Utilizes high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
- Targeted Therapies: Focus on specific features of cancer cells to stop their growth and spread.
- Immunotherapy: Activates or suppresses the immune system to combat cancer.
Breast Cancer
- Often begins as a hard, non-tender nodule in the upper outer quadrant of the breast.
- Most breast cancers are adenocarcinomas originating in the ducts and lobes.
Breast Cancer in the Philippines
- The Philippines has the highest incidence of breast cancer among Asian countries.
Breast Cancer TNM Staging System
- T = tumor size and location
- N = lymph node involvement
- M = metastasis
Herceptin (Trastuzumab)
- Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the HER2 receptor, a protein found on the surface of some cancer cells. It blocks the growth signals that tell cancer cells to grow and divide.
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