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Questions and Answers
Who demonstrated a direct link between chromosomes and hereditable factors in 1911?
Who demonstrated a direct link between chromosomes and hereditable factors in 1911?
- James Watson
- Charles Darwin
- Frederick Griffith
- Thomas Morgan (correct)
What did Thomas Morgan propose based on his observations of white eyes in males?
What did Thomas Morgan propose based on his observations of white eyes in males?
- That white eyes are a result of random mutation
- That the white eye trait is linked to a specific gene
- That chromosomes determine eye color
- That sex chromosomes determine the white eye trait (correct)
What is the term used to describe the concept discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928?
What is the term used to describe the concept discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928?
- The molecular model
- The transforming principle (correct)
- The genetic code
- The central dogma
What type of molecule is likely to be involved in the transforming principle?
What type of molecule is likely to be involved in the transforming principle?
What is the role of chromosomes according to Thomas Morgan's work?
What is the role of chromosomes according to Thomas Morgan's work?
What is a key concept related to chromosomes and hereditary traits?
What is a key concept related to chromosomes and hereditary traits?
What is the significance of Thomas Morgan's work in the context of molecular biology?
What is the significance of Thomas Morgan's work in the context of molecular biology?
What is the underlying idea behind Thomas Morgan's work and Frederick Griffith's discovery?
What is the underlying idea behind Thomas Morgan's work and Frederick Griffith's discovery?
What is the name of the replication model proposed by Meselson and Stahl in 1959?
What is the name of the replication model proposed by Meselson and Stahl in 1959?
Who contributed to the discovery of the genetic code in 1965?
Who contributed to the discovery of the genetic code in 1965?
What was the significance of Fred Sanger's work in 1977?
What was the significance of Fred Sanger's work in 1977?
What is the relationship between genome size and organism complexity in eukaryotes?
What is the relationship between genome size and organism complexity in eukaryotes?
Who sequenced the human genome in 2001?
Who sequenced the human genome in 2001?
What is the relationship between the number of protein-coding genes and organism complexity?
What is the relationship between the number of protein-coding genes and organism complexity?
Which of the following scientists did not contribute to the discovery of the genetic code?
Which of the following scientists did not contribute to the discovery of the genetic code?
What was the significance of the work of Meselson and Stahl in 1959?
What was the significance of the work of Meselson and Stahl in 1959?
Who is credited with the discovery of cells?
Who is credited with the discovery of cells?
What is the fundamental theory of heredity according to Mendel's principles of inheritance?
What is the fundamental theory of heredity according to Mendel's principles of inheritance?
What is the process called during which the inherited factors that determine traits are separated into reproductive cells?
What is the process called during which the inherited factors that determine traits are separated into reproductive cells?
What is the principle of independent assortment according to Mendel's principles of inheritance?
What is the principle of independent assortment according to Mendel's principles of inheritance?
Who formulated the cell theory?
Who formulated the cell theory?
What is the third principle of the cell theory?
What is the third principle of the cell theory?
What is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms according to the cell theory?
What is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms according to the cell theory?
Who is known for setting up the rules to understand heredity?
Who is known for setting up the rules to understand heredity?
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Study Notes
Key Discoveries in Molecular Biology
- Robert Hooke (1665) discovered cells, which were initially referred to as "monastic cells".
- Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839) formulated the cell theory, which states that:
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Mendel's Principles of Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel (1865) set up the rules to understand heredity (genetics) and established three principles:
- The fundamental theory of heredity, which states that inheritance involves the passing of discrete units of inheritance (now known as genes) from parents to offspring.
- The principle of segregation, which states that during reproduction, the inherited factors that determine traits are separated into reproductive cells by a process called meiosis and randomly reunite during fertilization.
- The principle of independent assortment, which states that "units of inheritance" located on different "places" will be inherited independently of each other.
Link between Chromosomes and Heritable Factors
- Thomas Morgan (1911) demonstrated a direct link between chromosomes and heritable factors, and showed that:
- Some traits are sex-linked.
- The white trait was probably carried on one of the sex chromosomes.
- Other genes were probably carried on specific chromosomes as well.
The Transforming Principle
- Frederick Griffith (1928) discovered the "transforming principle", which involves the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another.
Semi-Conservative Replication
- Meselson and Stahl (1959) demonstrated semi-conservative replication, which is a key mechanism of DNA replication.
The Genetic Code
- Crick, Brenner, Barnett, and Watts-Tobin (1965) contributed to the discovery of the genetic code, which is the set of rules that dictates how genetic information is translated into proteins.
- Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei also contributed to the discovery of the genetic code.
DNA Sequencing
- Fred Sanger (1977) developed a method for DNA sequencing, which allows for the determination of the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.
- Craig Venter (2000) led the effort to sequence the Drosophila genome, and later (2001) led the effort to sequence the human genome.
Genomes
- There is a remarkable lack of correspondence between genome size and organism complexity, especially among eukaryotes.
- There is also a lack of correspondence between the number of protein-coding genes and organism complexity.
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