Molecular Biology Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of catabolic pathways in metabolic pathways?

  • To regulate enzyme activity
  • To break down molecules to release energy (correct)
  • To synthesize molecules to store energy
  • To facilitate DNA replication

    • What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

  • RNA → DNA → Protein
  • Protein → DNA → RNA
  • RNA → Protein → DNA
  • DNA → RNA → Protein (correct)

    • What is the sugar-phosphate backbone composed of in DNA?

  • Amino acids
  • Nitrogenous bases
  • Phosphate groups and deoxyribose (correct)
  • Histone proteins

    • What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

    <p>Interaction between multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active site of an enzyme?

    <p>Region that binds to substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

    <p>To speed up chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of allosteric control in enzymology?

    <p>To regulate enzyme activity through binding of molecules at a site other than the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of coenzymes in enzymology?

    <p>To facilitate electron transfer in enzymatic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of feedback inhibition in enzymology?

    <p>To inhibit enzyme activity in response to excess product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA sequencing in molecular biology?

    <p>To determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of anabolic pathways in metabolic pathways?

    <p>To synthesize new molecules from energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of molecular biology?

    <p>The structure and function of biological molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nucleotides in nucleic acid chemistry?

    <p>To build blocks of nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alpha helices and beta sheets in protein structure?

    <p>To stabilize the secondary structure of a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of drug development in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>To understand biochemical pathways and targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>A-T and G-C base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histone proteins in binding and chromosomes?

    <p>To bind to negatively charged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Semi-conservative process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus, while eukaryotes have a true nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA repair mechanisms?

    <p>To maintain genome stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of biochemistry in drug development?

    <p>To understand the structure and function of biological molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a mutation in the base pairing rules of DNA?

    <p>A mutation in the base pairing rule results in a mismatch of the base pairing, leading to errors in DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histone proteins in chromatin structure?

    <p>Histone proteins form a nucleosome core around which DNA wraps to form chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of DNA replication?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of DNA replication?

    <p>Prokaryotes have a simpler DNA replication process, while eukaryotes have a more complex process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA repair mechanisms?

    <p>To correct errors in DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase and primase in DNA replication?

    <p>They are involved in the initiation stage of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a failure in DNA replication regulation?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in DNA replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotes have a single, large replicon, while eukaryotes have multiple, smaller replicons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which eukaryotes correct mismatched bases during DNA replication?

    <p>Mismatch repair (MMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in DNA repair between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotes have a simpler DNA repair system, while eukaryotes have a more complex system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which eukaryotes regulate DNA replication?

    <p>Initiation: controlled by origin recognition complexes and licensing factors, Elongation: regulated by polymerase and helicase activity, Termination: controlled by telomeres and termination proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of licensing factors in DNA replication?

    <p>To regulate the initiation of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which prokaryotes correct DNA lesions?

    <p>Error-prone repair mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomeres in DNA replication?

    <p>To control the termination of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in chromosome structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolic Pathways

    • Series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell to convert energy and nutrients
    • Catabolic pathways: breakdown of molecules to release energy
    • Anabolic pathways: synthesis of molecules to store energy
    • Key players: enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors
    • Regulation: allosteric control, feedback inhibition, and hormonal regulation

    Molecular Biology

    • Study of the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules
    • Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
    • DNA replication, transcription, and translation
    • Molecular techniques: PCR, DNA sequencing, and gene cloning

    Nucleic Acid Chemistry

    • Structure of DNA:
      • Double helix model
      • Sugar-phosphate backbone
      • Nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
    • Structure of RNA:
      • Single-stranded
      • Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
    • Base pairing: A-T, G-C

    Protein Structure

    • Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
    • Secondary structure: α-helices and β-sheets
    • Tertiary structure: 3D shape of a protein
    • Quaternary structure: interaction between multiple polypeptide chains
    • Functions: enzymes, hormones, structural proteins, and transport proteins

    Enzymology

    • Biochemical catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
    • Active site: region that binds to substrate
    • Enzyme-substrate complex: formation of enzyme-substrate bond
    • Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors

    Drug Development

    • Process of discovering and developing new drugs
    • Stages: target identification, lead optimization, and clinical trials
    • Importance of structural biology in drug design

    DNA Structure

    • Double helix model
    • Sugar-phosphate backbone
    • Nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
    • Base pairing: A-T, G-C

    Binding of DNA

    • Histone proteins: H2A, H2B, H3, and H4
    • Nucleosomes: DNA wrapped around histone octamer
    • Chromatin: complex of DNA, histones, and other proteins

    Chromosomes

    • Thread-like structures made of chromatin
    • Chromosome condensation: coiling of chromatin during cell division
    • Karyotype: complete set of chromosomes in a cell

    Histones and Packaging of DNA

    • Histone octamer: two copies of each histone protein
    • Nucleosome formation: DNA wraps around histone octamer
    • Chromatin compaction: coiling of nucleosomes into chromatin fibers

    DNA Replication

    • Semi-conservative replication: each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand
    • Leading strand synthesis: continuous synthesis in one direction
    • Lagging strand synthesis: discontinuous synthesis in short Okazaki fragments
    • Replication fork: Y-shaped region where DNA replication occurs

    Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
      • Lack of true nucleus
      • Single circular chromosome
      • Rapid cell division
    • Eukaryotes: plants, animals, fungi, and protists
      • True nucleus
      • Linear chromosomes
      • Complex cell division

    Regulation of Replication

    • Initiation of replication: binding of initiator proteins to origin of replication
    • Elongation: synthesis of new DNA strands
    • Termination: completion of DNA replication
    • Regulation: licensing factors, checkpoint pathways, and DNA damage response

    DNA Repair

    • Mechanisms to correct DNA damage:
      • Base excision repair
      • Nucleotide excision repair
      • Mismatch repair
      • Double-strand break repair
    • Importance of DNA repair in maintaining genome stability

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of molecular biology concepts, including metabolic pathways, DNA structure, protein synthesis, and gene regulation. Topics covered include DNA replication, transcription, and translation, as well as protein structure and function.

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