Molecular Biology: Central Dogma and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

  • Proteins can be directly converted back into RNA.
  • DNA converts directly into protein.
  • RNA makes protein, and protein makes DNA.
  • DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein. (correct)

    • Which process involves the removal of non-coding sequences from mRNA?

  • Transcription
  • Splicing (correct)
  • Translation
  • Replication

    • During transcription, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA in which direction?

  • Left to right
  • 5' to 3'
  • 3' to 5' (correct)
  • Right to left

    • What is the first step in the translation process?

    <p>tRNA with the complementary anticodon binds to the start codon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do activator proteins play in transcription?

    <p>They enhance the binding of RNA polymerase to the gene promoter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a ribosome reaches a stop codon during translation?

    <p>A release factor enters and releases the polypeptide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of DNA structure?

    <p>It comprises nucleotides with a phosphate group and nitrogenous bases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes translation?

    <p>The conversion of mRNA into a polypeptide chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    The flow of genetic information, where DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein. Information cannot go back from protein to DNA or RNA.

    Transcription

    The process of copying DNA information into mRNA.

    Translation

    The process of using mRNA information to build proteins.

    RNA polymerase

    An enzyme that builds mRNA during transcription.

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    mRNA

    Messenger RNA; a molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome to build proteins.

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    tRNA

    Transfer RNA; carries amino acids to the ribosome to build the protein

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    Start Codon

    The starting point for protein synthesis (AUG).

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    Stop Codon

    The signal to stop protein synthesis

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    Study Notes

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • Explains the flow of genetic information in a biological system
    • DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein
    • Information cannot be transferred back from protein to protein or nucleic acid

    DNA Structure

    • Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and hydrogen atoms
    • Made of nucleotides
    • Nucleotides contain phosphorylated ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine)

    Transcription Process

    • RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the transcription start site
    • Moves along DNA (3' to 5') to produce mRNA
    • Reaches a stop sequence, and mRNA is released
    • Activators bind to enhancer sequences, causing DNA to bend, bringing them closer to the gene promoter sequence
    • Other transcription factors join activators, forming a complex that binds to the promoter
    • This complex allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter region

    Translation Process

    • Splicing removes non-coding introns from mRNA before translation
    • Initiation at start codon AUG
    • tRNA with a complementary anticodon binds to the start codon
    • Ribosomal subunits combine, forming a complex and tRNA enters the peptidyl site
    • A tRNA molecule with the corresponding anticodon enters the aminoacyl site
    • Peptide bonds are formed

    Ribosome Function

    • Ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule
    • When a stop codon is reached, a release factor enters the A site and releases the polypeptide

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    Transcription and Translation Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of molecular biology including the central dogma that describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. This quiz also covers the structure of DNA, transcription, and translation processes in detail. Test your understanding of these essential biological mechanisms.

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