Genetics: Central Dogma and DNA Structure

Genetics

Central Dogma

• The process by which genetic information is passed from DNA to proteins
• DNA → RNA (transcription) → Proteins (translation)

DNA Structure

• Double helix model
• Composed of two strands of nucleotides
• Each nucleotide consists of:
  • Sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)

Genetic Code

• The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins
• 64 possible codons (triplets of nitrogenous bases) encode 20 amino acids and 3 stop signals

Inheritance Patterns

• Autosomal dominant: one copy of the allele is enough to express the trait
• Autosomal recessive: two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait
• X-linked: genes located on the X chromosome, inherited differently in males and females

Mendel's Laws

• Law of Segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
• Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently during gamete formation
• Law of Dominance: one allele can be dominant over another allele

Genetic Variation

• Mutations: changes in the DNA sequence
• Genetic recombination: shuffling of genetic material during meiosis
• Gene flow: movement of genes from one population to another

Genomics and Proteomics

• Genomics: study of the structure and function of entire genomes
• Proteomics: study of the structure and function of entire proteomes (sets of proteins)

Applications of Genetics

• Genetic engineering: manipulation of genetic material to produce desired traits
• Genetic testing: diagnosis of genetic disorders and identification of genetic susceptibility
• Forensic science: use of genetic information to identify individuals and solve crimes

Genetics

Central Dogma

• Genetic information flows from DNA to proteins through transcription and translation

DNA Structure

• DNA is a double helix model composed of two strands of nucleotides
• Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)

Genetic Code

• The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins
• 64 possible codons (triplets of nitrogenous bases) encode 20 amino acids and 3 stop signals

Inheritance Patterns

• Autosomal dominant traits require one copy of the allele to be expressed
• Autosomal recessive traits require two copies of the allele to be expressed
• X-linked traits are inherited differently in males and females due to the location of genes on the X chromosome

Mendel's Laws

• The Law of Segregation states that each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
• The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different genes are sorted independently during gamete formation
• The Law of Dominance states that one allele can be dominant over another allele

Genetic Variation

• Mutations occur when there are changes in the DNA sequence
• Genetic recombination involves the shuffling of genetic material during meiosis
• Gene flow occurs when genes move from one population to another

Genomics and Proteomics

• Genomics involves the study of the structure and function of entire genomes
• Proteomics involves the study of the structure and function of entire proteomes (sets of proteins)

Applications of Genetics

• Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of genetic material to produce desired traits
• Genetic testing involves the diagnosis of genetic disorders and identification of genetic susceptibility
• Forensic science uses genetic information to identify individuals and solve crimes