Central Dogma and DNA Structure Quiz

The process of converting the genetic code from mRNA into a protein.

A set of rules that specifies how codons in mRNA are translated into amino acids.

The process of using a gene's information to create a protein.

A change in the DNA sequence.

A technique to manipulate genes and create genetically modified organisms.

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

The process of making an exact copy of DNA.

Converting DNA's code into RNA.

Carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.

Double helix with complementary base pairs.

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA each having different roles in protein synthesis.

Building blocks of proteins.

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

DNA replication is a semiconservative process where each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Transcription is the process of copying DNA's genetic information into RNA.

Translation is the process of decoding mRNA into a protein.

Codons are three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that code for specific amino acids.

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence.

Gene regulation is the control of gene expression, determining when and how genes are turned on or off.

Recombinant DNA technology involves manipulating genes and creating genetically modified organisms.

Genomics is the study of genomes, the complete set of genetic information of an organism.

Molecular biology has applications in medicine, agriculture, and forensics, among other areas.

Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, crucial for growth and repair.

Cell division that produces four unique daughter cells, each with half the chromosomes of the parent cell. Essential for sexual reproduction.

The longest phase before mitosis, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.

Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to their centromeres.

The final stage of meiosis II, where chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cell divides, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

Organisms increase in size and complexity as new cells are created through cell division. This process allows for the expansion of tissues and organs.

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, pulled by shortening spindle fibers.

Cell division replaces damaged or worn-out cells, maintaining the integrity of tissues and organs.

Chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes decondense.

Some organisms reproduce asexually using mitosis, producing offspring genetically identical to the parent.

The division of cytoplasm, creating two separate daughter cells.

During cytokinesis in animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms, pinching the cell membrane in half to separate the daughter cells.

A tightly regulated series of events that leads to the growth and division of a cell into two daughter cells.

The longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

Points in the cell cycle that regulate its progression, ensuring accurate DNA replication and proper cell size.

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (e.g., sperm or egg), while diploid cells have two sets (e.g., most body cells).

Meiosis produces gametes (sperm and egg) with unique combinations of chromosomes, contributing to genetic diversity in offspring.

During meiosis, chromosomes swap genetic material, creating new combinations of genes.

Cancer is caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, leading to tumor formation.

These checkpoints monitor key stages of the cell cycle to ensure proper DNA replication and overall cell health.

Mitosis has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is when chromosomes condense and become visible; metaphase is when chromosomes align at the center of the cell; anaphase is when sister chromatids separate; and telophase is when the cell starts to divide.

Checkpoints are like quality control points in the cell cycle. They ensure that DNA replication is complete and accurate and that the cell is the right size before proceeding to the next phase.

Cell division is fundamental to life. It enables growth, repair, and reproduction in all living organisms.

During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. This creates genetic diversity among offspring.

The division of the cytoplasm, usually happening at the end of mitosis or meiosis, separating the cell into two daughter cells.