30 Questions
What is the significance of the number of chromosomes in a cell?
The number of chromosomes is unrelated to genome size.
What is the primary function of a chromosome in a cell?
To store DNA in the most compact form in the cell, without loss of structural function.
What is a karyotype, and what does it represent?
A karyotype is the full arrangement of chromosomes in a cell.
How does the structure of a chromosome protect genomic DNA?
The chromosome provides protection of genomic DNA.
What is the advantage of compact DNA packaging in a chromosome?
Compact DNA packaging allows for transmission efficiency.
What would be the approximate length of all the DNA in a human cell if laid end to end?
Approximately 2 meters.
How many genes are there in the mitochondrial genome?
37 genes
What types of genes are present in the mitochondrial genome?
Protein-coding genes, tRNA genes, rRNA genes
What is the approximate size of the mitochondrial DNA in humans and other vertebrates?
~16kb
How do nuclear gene products contribute to mitochondrial function?
By importing proteins like ribosomal proteins for assembly
Why does the dual composition of proteins needed for aerobic metabolism suggest coordination between nuclear and mitochondrial genetic systems?
To ensure equivalent amounts of their products are made
What is necessary in terms of mitochondria and cells for a deficiency in mitochondrial function to manifest?
A large number of mitochondria per cell must be affected
What is the inheritance pattern of Myoclonic Epilepsy and Red Fiber Disease (MERRF)?
Maternally inherited
What are the symptoms of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS)?
Symptoms in eyes, muscles, heart, brain
What is the cause of Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)?
Point mutation in small subunit of NADH dehydrogenase
Where does photosynthesis occur in green plants?
Chloroplast organelles
What is the approximate size range of chloroplast DNA genomes?
120 to 200 kb
What is the common feature between chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA?
Both are circular, double-stranded
What is the significance of the iojap gene in the context of plant inheritance?
The iojap gene controls the small protein required for the assembly of the chloroplast ribosome, which determines the progeny colour.
What is the key difference between the transmission pattern of organelle genomes and nuclear genes?
The transmission pattern of organelle genomes is exclusively maternal, whereas nuclear genes follow Mendelian inheritance.
What is the molecular basis of leaf variegation in plants?
Mutations in chloroplast DNA, specifically in genes encoding proteins active in photosynthesis, cause leaf variegation.
What is the role of the maternal parent in determining the phenotype of offspring in extrachromosomal inheritance?
The phenotype of the maternal parent is solely responsible for the phenotype of the offspring.
What is the significance of Corren's and Baur's experiments in the context of inheritance?
Their experiments demonstrated maternal inheritance, challenging Mendel's assumption of equal contribution from maternal and paternal gametes.
What is the difference between recessive and dominant traits in the context of plant colour?
White is recessive, and green is dominant.
What is the primary function of chromosome in DNA molecule?
To confer overall organization and stability to the DNA molecule
What is the purpose of origin of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes?
To direct the replication of DNA
What is the function of centromere in chromosomes?
To ensure correct segregation of chromosomes during cell division
What are telomeres, and what is their location in a chromosome?
Telomeres are the repeated nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes
What is the significance of chromosomal organization in regulating gene expression?
It regulates gene expression and creates diversity among individuals through gene recombination between parental chromosomes
How does the origin of replication differ between eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes?
Eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple sites of origin of replication, whereas prokaryotic chromosomes have only one site
Test your knowledge on DNA packaging, chromatin structure, and extrachromosomal inheritance in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Learn about the functions of chromosomes, centromeres, telomeres, mechanisms of DNA organization, and features of plasmids.
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