53 Questions
What distinguishes human communication from animal communication?
The understanding of the mental states of others
What type of speech do infants prefer over adult-directed speech?
Speech conveying emotion and social situations
At what age can infants differentiate between happy and angry faces based on their features?
8 months
In the visual cliff experiment, why might an infant avoid crossing the cliff?
Due to discomfort from seeing strange expressions
At what age do infants shift from responding directly to stimuli to attempting to share their experiences with others?
9 months
What do vocal melodies of infant-directed speech convey to infants?
Emotion and social situations
What is the significance of gaze following before 8 months?
Both the adult and the infant focus on an object together.
What does joint attention between an adult and an infant involve?
Both parties focus on an object, follow it, and comment on it.
How does an infant demonstrate learning to follow an adult's gaze at around 12 months?
By switching to follow an adult's gaze in most cases.
Why is the duration of looking in the proper direction positively associated with faster vocab growth up to 2 years old?
It provides more opportunities for joint attention with caregivers who can label new objects.
In what scenario will an infant follow an adult's gaze?
When the adult looks to either side across from the infant.
What do infants learn at 12 months about objects providing intentional cues?
They learn that objects providing intentional cues are more likely to give meaningful information about their environment.
At what age do infants start to interpret a point as long as the object is close to the pointer's finger?
9 months
What can communicative pointing (pointing and then looking to adult for confirmation) predict in infants?
Greater vocab growth
What happens at 14 months regarding infants and pointing?
They start pointing with no one around.
What might babbled sounds provide for infants?
Foundation for first words
What are the stages of babbling before infants start forming their first words?
(0-2 months): reflexive vocalizations directly related to physical states
At what age do babbling and conventional words occur together?
Around 19 months
What tends to increase the rate of vocalization in infants?
Mother's verbal feedback
What type of movements do deaf children exposed to sign language produce?
Low-frequency hand/arm movements
How do hearing infants communicate before they speak first words?
By showing, giving, pointing, and ritual requests
What purpose do gestures serve in relation to language development?
Provide practice communicating via conventional signals
'Symbolic gestures' mentioned in the text refer to gestures that:
Represent specific meanings or concepts
At what age do symbolic signs and first words typically emerge?
12-13 months
Why is iconicity mentioned in relation to early signs?
It makes signs more recognizable to parents than under-developed words
What do parent checklists suggest about infants' understanding of language?
Infants understand more words by 16 months than at 1 year
What do infants typically recognize at 8 months related to language?
Recurrence patterns in sequences of speech sounds.
When do infants become efficient at recognizing familiar words, even before completion?
15-24 months
Why is it mentioned that some infants will produce both sign and speech at the same rate?
Each child has a unique learning style.
What is the term used to describe when infants start experimenting with a wide array of noises they can make with their vocal tracts?
Variegated babbling
At what age do infants typically transition from reduplicated babbling to variegated babbling?
11-12 months
What is the significance of gaze following before 8 months?
Developing joint reference with adults
What happens during the 'jargon' babbling stage in infants' language development?
Infants create longer strings of consonant-vowel combos with varying intonations
At what age do infants typically switch to learning how to follow an adult's gaze?
14 months
What is the significance of canonical babbling in infants around 6-7 months?
Infants produce sounds that mimic real words like 'mama', 'dada'
What do infants typically progress from at 6-7 months to form more complex babbling sounds?
'Gaga' babbling
Why is duration of looking in the proper direction positively associated with faster vocab growth up to 2 years old?
It contributes to increased joint attention
What do infants learn about pointing at 12 months?
Objects providing intentional cues
How do infants demonstrate learning to follow an adult's gaze at around 12 months?
By following the direction of the adult's gaze
What is the relationship between mother's verbal response and infant vocalization rate?
Mother's verbal response tends to increase infant vocalization rate
What is a characteristic of deaf children's babbling compared to hearing children?
Deaf children's babbling is delayed and has a reduced repertoire of sounds
What communicative function do hearing infants' gestures serve before they speak their first words?
Intentional and communicative acts
Why do infants show an increased sensitivity to emotion in the voice at 5 months of age?
Because different contour types convey information about the infant's world.
What do 1-year-old infants start developing that allows them to understand unspoken inferences via facial expressions?
Complex mental abilities.
What is the significance of infants referencing their mother's facial expressions (happy or fearful) in the visual cliff experiment?
Infants may avoid the cliff due to discomfort from seeing strange expressions.
Why do 12-month-old infants look at their mother's face to seek information about the world around them?
To gain knowledge about their immediate environment.
What is the transition that occurs in infants at 9 months related to responding to stimuli?
They begin sharing their experiences with others along with responding to stimuli.
What type of speech do infants of all languages generally prefer over adult-directed speech?
Infant-directed speech.
What milestone do symbolic signs and first words typically emerge around?
12-13 months
What do parent checklists suggest about infants' understanding of language?
Infants understand an average of 150 words by 1 year
What is the significance of iconicity in early signs referred to in the text?
It ensures the signs closely resemble what they are communicating
At what age might infants have learned the association between a parent and a parent’s name?
Around 6 months
What do early comprehension skills at 8 months entail for infants?
Attunement to the sound system of the surrounding language
Explore the concept of communication, including how signals influence the behavior of organisms and the importance of intentionality in human communication. Learn about the significance of listening to voices, particularly the mother's voice for fetuses and infants.
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