Module 2 - Distinguishing Correlational and Experimental Methods Quiz

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What is the primary focus of Experimental methods in investigation?

Identifying correlations between variables

Making observations of patterns in nature

Manipulating variables to establish causality (correct)

Testing hypotheses without changing variables

In an Experimental method, how are participants typically assigned to conditions?

Assigned based on their prior experiences

Based on their own choice

Randomly assigned (correct)

Assigned based on their demographic characteristics

What is the main objective of Correlational methods in investigation?

Establishing causality between variables

Making observations without changing variables

Identifying relationships between variables (correct)

Changing variables to test hypotheses

What is the first step in the Scientific Method?

Making observations of patterns in nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a testable hypothesis in the Scientific Method?

To prove or disprove a hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dependent variable in a well-designed experiment?

Is affected by changes in the independent variable Signup and view all the answers

In the Monopoly Experiment, what behavior did the rich players exhibit more of during the game?

Showed dominance and celebration Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between a bad leader according to Sutton and Kiel?

Tries to unite conflicting parties Signup and view all the answers

Which study aimed to establish the 'natural' relationship between variables without manipulating them?

Income vs. Donation Correlational Study Signup and view all the answers

What common trait is associated with bad leaders according to Kiel?

Arrogance Signup and view all the answers

Based on the Monopoly Experiment results, how did wealthier players justify their success?

Disregarded the role of luck in their success Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a trait associated with bad leaders according to Sutton?

Sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

In the Monopoly Experiment, which player exhibited behaviors suggesting self-interest and entitlement?

'Rich' player Signup and view all the answers

'Correlation =/= Causation' refers to the common misconception that:

'Correlation always implies causation' Signup and view all the answers

'Happy employees' is a trait associated with which category of leaders?

'Good' leaders according to Kiel Signup and view all the answers

'Introspective of their own management styles, think about what it must be like to work for them' is a characteristic related to which type of leader?

'Good' leaders according to Kiel Signup and view all the answers

What happens to empathy levels as individuals gain power?

Decrease Signup and view all the answers

In the context of power paradox, what is the main difference between Reputational Power and Coercive Power?

One is based on empathy, the other on threats Signup and view all the answers

According to researchers, what did the Wealthier and more powerful players in the Monopoly Study fail to attribute to their success?

Luck Signup and view all the answers

What do high-income people tend to be less likely to do compared to low-income people?

Donate money to strangers Signup and view all the answers

According to the Pedestrian Crossing Study, which group of drivers were less likely to stop for pedestrians waiting to cross?

Drivers of luxury car brands Signup and view all the answers

What did the Wealth and Negotiation Study reveal about wealthier individuals?

They are more likely to lie at negotiations Signup and view all the answers

In what way do people who feel powerful behave differently with resources compared to those who feel less powerful?

They take more and are more rude Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert Sutton suggest is the most reliable way of turning someone into a leader who is oblivious to the needs of their followers?

"Electing them into a position of power" Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes 'Good Leaders' mentioned in the text from 'Bad Leaders'?

High Emotional Intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what happens to a person's ability to empathize when they feel powerful?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason why military leaders might struggle in business?

Unwillingness to innovate Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue with current hiring processes like those at Sears mentioned?

Failure to identify problematic personality types Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of individuals with high emotional intelligence, as stated in the text?

Stability Signup and view all the answers

How are problematic personality traits typically masked during job interviews?

By showing stability and calmness Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental goal of leadership, as per the text's discussion?

Achieving common good Signup and view all the answers

How can managers improve their effectiveness based on the text?

Think about long-term company success Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between income level and likelihood to give money to strangers in the findings?

Those with lower income levels were more likely to give money to strangers. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Car Brand vs. Stopping at Pedestrian Crossing Study find regarding expensive cars and stopping for pedestrians?

Expensive cars were less likely to stop for pedestrians. Signup and view all the answers

What may promote egalitarianism in society?

A 46-second video about childhood poverty. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding about individuals who 'felt' rich in the Candy Jar Study?

They were more likely to take candy from children. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of power on empathy according to the text?

Power diminishes the capacity for empathy and kindness. Signup and view all the answers

What type of power involves advancing the interests of other people, as exemplified by Abraham Lincoln?

Reputational power Signup and view all the answers

Which personality style attains power early but struggles to maintain it in the long run?

Dark triad personality styles Signup and view all the answers

'Experimental evidence for power leading to lack of empathy' was supported by what method according to the text?

Showing people photos of relatively richer people Signup and view all the answers

What type of power do good bosses tend to yield?

Reputational power Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Four Moral Principles for High Moral Character?

Empathy Signup and view all the answers

What habit of character is described as telling the truth all the time?

Integrity habit Signup and view all the answers

What did Costco CEO Jim Senegal receive the highest ratings for?

Integrity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator of a virtuoso CEO's moral habits?

Empathy habit Signup and view all the answers

Who kept close to the dignity of everybody and treated opposition with respect?

Abraham Lincoln Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of psychopaths according to the text?

'Almost' psychopaths are more functional than actual psychopaths Signup and view all the answers

What did the author hope to spark a conversation about within organizations?

Character-building in CEOs Signup and view all the answers

'Character is how you treat the person that cleans your office' signifies which habit?

'Integrity' habit Signup and view all the answers

'Teaching character is about strengthening moral habits' opposes which statement?

'Psychopaths are more functional than actual psychopaths' Signup and view all the answers

What does Hogan believe is the core focus of leadership training programs?

Developing character Signup and view all the answers

According to Hogan, what is the key to a well-run team?

A good manager Signup and view all the answers

In which era did academics not believe in the existence of 'personality'?

1960s Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between politicians and leaders according to the text?

Use of ideology vs. use of data Signup and view all the answers

How do organizations reform leadership failures according to the text?

Facing actual bankruptcy Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important traits of good leaders mentioned in the text?

Domain expertise and vision Signup and view all the answers

'Winners win' concept by Hogan implies what about leadership?

'Winning' is consistent despite varying situational factors Signup and view all the answers

'Return on Character is significant!' - What does this phrase imply according to Hogan's view?

'Character' plays a crucial role in achieving success as a leader Signup and view all the answers