Module 2 - Distinguishing Correlational and Experimental Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Experimental methods in investigation?

  • Identifying correlations between variables
  • Making observations of patterns in nature
  • Manipulating variables to establish causality (correct)
  • Testing hypotheses without changing variables

In an Experimental method, how are participants typically assigned to conditions?

  • Assigned based on their prior experiences
  • Based on their own choice
  • Randomly assigned (correct)
  • Assigned based on their demographic characteristics

What is the main objective of Correlational methods in investigation?

  • Establishing causality between variables
  • Making observations without changing variables
  • Identifying relationships between variables (correct)
  • Changing variables to test hypotheses

What is the first step in the Scientific Method?

<p>Making observations of patterns in nature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a testable hypothesis in the Scientific Method?

<p>To prove or disprove a hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dependent variable in a well-designed experiment?

<p>Is affected by changes in the independent variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Monopoly Experiment, what behavior did the rich players exhibit more of during the game?

<p>Showed dominance and celebration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between a bad leader according to Sutton and Kiel?

<p>Tries to unite conflicting parties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study aimed to establish the 'natural' relationship between variables without manipulating them?

<p>Income vs. Donation Correlational Study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common trait is associated with bad leaders according to Kiel?

<p>Arrogance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the Monopoly Experiment results, how did wealthier players justify their success?

<p>Disregarded the role of luck in their success (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a trait associated with bad leaders according to Sutton?

<p>Sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Monopoly Experiment, which player exhibited behaviors suggesting self-interest and entitlement?

<p>'Rich' player (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Correlation =/= Causation' refers to the common misconception that:

<p>'Correlation always implies causation' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Happy employees' is a trait associated with which category of leaders?

<p>'Good' leaders according to Kiel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Introspective of their own management styles, think about what it must be like to work for them' is a characteristic related to which type of leader?

<p>'Good' leaders according to Kiel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to empathy levels as individuals gain power?

<p>Decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of power paradox, what is the main difference between Reputational Power and Coercive Power?

<p>One is based on empathy, the other on threats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to researchers, what did the Wealthier and more powerful players in the Monopoly Study fail to attribute to their success?

<p>Luck (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do high-income people tend to be less likely to do compared to low-income people?

<p>Donate money to strangers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Pedestrian Crossing Study, which group of drivers were less likely to stop for pedestrians waiting to cross?

<p>Drivers of luxury car brands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Wealth and Negotiation Study reveal about wealthier individuals?

<p>They are more likely to lie at negotiations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do people who feel powerful behave differently with resources compared to those who feel less powerful?

<p>They take more and are more rude (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Robert Sutton suggest is the most reliable way of turning someone into a leader who is oblivious to the needs of their followers?

<p>&quot;Electing them into a position of power&quot; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes 'Good Leaders' mentioned in the text from 'Bad Leaders'?

<p>High Emotional Intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what happens to a person's ability to empathize when they feel powerful?

<p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason why military leaders might struggle in business?

<p>Unwillingness to innovate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue with current hiring processes like those at Sears mentioned?

<p>Failure to identify problematic personality types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of individuals with high emotional intelligence, as stated in the text?

<p>Stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are problematic personality traits typically masked during job interviews?

<p>By showing stability and calmness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental goal of leadership, as per the text's discussion?

<p>Achieving common good (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can managers improve their effectiveness based on the text?

<p>Think about long-term company success (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between income level and likelihood to give money to strangers in the findings?

<p>Those with lower income levels were more likely to give money to strangers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Car Brand vs. Stopping at Pedestrian Crossing Study find regarding expensive cars and stopping for pedestrians?

<p>Expensive cars were less likely to stop for pedestrians. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may promote egalitarianism in society?

<p>A 46-second video about childhood poverty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding about individuals who 'felt' rich in the Candy Jar Study?

<p>They were more likely to take candy from children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of power on empathy according to the text?

<p>Power diminishes the capacity for empathy and kindness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of power involves advancing the interests of other people, as exemplified by Abraham Lincoln?

<p>Reputational power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality style attains power early but struggles to maintain it in the long run?

<p>Dark triad personality styles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Experimental evidence for power leading to lack of empathy' was supported by what method according to the text?

<p>Showing people photos of relatively richer people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of power do good bosses tend to yield?

<p>Reputational power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Four Moral Principles for High Moral Character?

<p>Empathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What habit of character is described as telling the truth all the time?

<p>Integrity habit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Costco CEO Jim Senegal receive the highest ratings for?

<p>Integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator of a virtuoso CEO's moral habits?

<p>Empathy habit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who kept close to the dignity of everybody and treated opposition with respect?

<p>Abraham Lincoln (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of psychopaths according to the text?

<p>'Almost' psychopaths are more functional than actual psychopaths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the author hope to spark a conversation about within organizations?

<p>Character-building in CEOs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Character is how you treat the person that cleans your office' signifies which habit?

<p>'Integrity' habit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Teaching character is about strengthening moral habits' opposes which statement?

<p>'Psychopaths are more functional than actual psychopaths' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hogan believe is the core focus of leadership training programs?

<p>Developing character (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hogan, what is the key to a well-run team?

<p>A good manager (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which era did academics not believe in the existence of 'personality'?

<p>1960s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between politicians and leaders according to the text?

<p>Use of ideology vs. use of data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organizations reform leadership failures according to the text?

<p>Facing actual bankruptcy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important traits of good leaders mentioned in the text?

<p>Domain expertise and vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Winners win' concept by Hogan implies what about leadership?

<p>'Winning' is consistent despite varying situational factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Return on Character is significant!' - What does this phrase imply according to Hogan's view?

<p>'Character' plays a crucial role in achieving success as a leader (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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