Module 2
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Which of the following is a key difference between correlational and experimental methods?

  • Experimental methods involve observing patterns in nature, while correlational methods do not.
  • Correlational methods involve manipulation of variables, while experimental methods do not.
  • Experimental methods involve manipulation of variables to establish causality, while correlational methods do not. (correct)
  • Correlational methods aim to establish causality, while experimental methods do not.

    • In the Monopoly experiment, what was the purpose of randomly assigning participants to different conditions?

  • To ensure that the conditions were adequately controlled for confounding variables.
  • To establish a correlation between wealth and behavior.
  • To manipulate the independent variable of wealth and observe its effects. (correct)
  • To observe patterns in participants' behavior without any intervention.

    • What is the first step in the scientific method?

  • Design an experiment to test the hypothesis.
  • Make a testable hypothesis.
  • Observe patterns or relationships in nature. (correct)
  • Identify the independent and dependent variables.

    • In the example provided, what is the independent variable?

    <p>The server's mood and behavior towards customers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying the dependent variable in an experiment?

    <p>To determine the variable that is affected by changes in the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-designed and well-executed experiment?

    <p>It has a clearly defined independent and dependent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of randomly assigning participants to experimental conditions?

    <p>To ensure that variability among the experimental groups is spread out and neutralized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an individual's empathy levels as they gain power?

    <p>Empathy levels decrease as individuals gain power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of 'Reputational Power' as described in the text?

    <p>Engaging in the interests of other people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the studies described, which of the following is NOT a negative behavior associated with power and wealth?

    <p>Being more likely to stop for pedestrians waiting to cross the street</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why powerful people are less able to read others' emotions according to the text?

    <p>They have less need to depend on and reach out to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between 'good' and 'bad' leaders according to the text?

    <p>Good leaders are more empathetic and focused on the interests of others, while bad leaders are more self-centered and oblivious to the needs of those they lead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the 'Power Paradox'?

    <p>Empathy and kindness causes individuals to become more powerful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a hypothesis according to the text?

    <p>To be given up when it is falsified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the studies described, which of the following is NOT a negative behavior associated with power and wealth?

    <p>Being more likely to donate $10 to an anonymous stranger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of 'Coercive Power' as described in the text?

    <p>Involves the use of threats to liberty and life to influence people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does power affect individuals according to the text?

    <p>It makes good people corrupt and bad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of power do good bosses tend to yield, according to the text?

    <p>Reputational power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a habit of high character CEOs?

    <p>Empathy habit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does integrity as a habit entail?

    <p>Telling the truth all the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the study conducted by researcher Fred Kiel on CEOs and character?

    <p>High character leaders delivered better results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'virtuoso CEO moral habits' from those of low character CEOs?

    <p>'I screwed up' habit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Costco CEO Jim Senegal's character score affect business outcomes?

    <p>It was a strong predictor of positive business results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which income group was more likely to give money to strangers when given a choice to keep it or donate it anonymously?

    <p>15-25k USD per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Dice Roll Cheating Study mentioned, wealthier individuals were how many times more likely to cheat in a game with a $50 prize compared to others?

    <p>3-4x more likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found in the Candy Jar Study regarding the likelihood of participants taking candy reserved for children?

    <p>Those who felt rich were more likely to take candy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened in the Car Brand vs. Stopping at Pedestrian Crossing Study involving the behavior of drivers with different car types?

    <p>Expensive cars were less likely to stop for pedestrians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is supported by the text regarding wealth and negotiation practices?

    <p>Wealthy people are more likely to lie in negotiations and endorse unethical behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Two Routes to Power' research suggests that emotional intelligence and focusing on others' needs lead to what outcome?

    <p>Increased reputation power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The Perils of Power' section discusses how acquisition of power affects what aspect of individuals?

    <p>Decreases ability to empathize and be kind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Abraham Lincoln according to the text?

    <p>Prioritizes his own interests over the greater good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good leaders as described by Sutton?

    <p>Oblivious to the needs of the people they are leading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a characteristic of good leaders according to Kiel?

    <p>Selfishness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bad leaders?

    <p>Compassionate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the "Experimental" Monopoly study and the "Correlational" income vs. donation study?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Monopoly experiment is TRUE?

    <p>The privileged players were more likely to attribute their success to their own efforts rather than luck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conclusion drawn from the Monopoly experiment?

    <p>Higher wealth leads to lower compassion and empathy, increased entitlement and self-interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the "Income vs. Donation Correlational Study" is TRUE according to the text?

    <p>Participants were given a fixed amount of money to make a donation decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the scientific method is TRUE?

    <p>The scientific method is a system of rules for conducting scientific research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about correlation and causation is TRUE?

    <p>Correlation does not necessarily imply causation, and the two concepts are often conflated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the most important trait of a good leader?

    <p>Integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hogan advocate and try to prove regarding leadership?

    <p>Personality factors matter in the performance of leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between politicians and leaders according to the passage?

    <p>Politicians spend more time networking while leaders spend more time on actual work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest organizations should do to hire competent individuals over charismatic ones?

    <p>Promote people based on talent, not politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what percentage of managers should not be in their positions?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage say about the relationship between personality factors and leadership performance?

    <p>Personality factors are distributed normally and impact leadership performance differently at different levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage say is necessary for people to change and improve their character?

    <p>A very clear understanding that they will fail if they don't change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest is the fundamental goal of leadership according to Hogan?

    <p>Building a high-performing team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the most important factor that would reform leadership failures in large businesses?

    <p>Bankruptcy and the threat of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do military leaders sometimes not succeed in business?

    <p>They are used to simply following orders in the military, rather than being innovative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EQ) and effective leadership?

    <p>EQ is a useless concept in the context of leadership, as high EQ people lack the necessary sense of urgency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental goal of leadership?

    <p>Promoting the common good and the long-term success of the entire organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest that organizations should do to contribute to the survival of the entire species?

    <p>Adopt a more long-term, sustainability-focused approach that prioritizes the common good over individual greed and selfishness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest that managers should do to be more effective?

    <p>Think of the long-term success of the company, rather than their own short-term interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between personality traits and business incompetence?

    <p>Individuals with diagnosable personality disorders are more likely to be hired and succeed in business due to their ability to 'mask' their problematic traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 2 - Learning Outcomes

    Distinguish between Correlational and Experimental Methods

    • Experimental methods involve manipulation of variables to establish causality
    • Example: Monopoly Experiment - controlled environment, actively changing variables to establish causation
    • Correlational methods do not involve changing variables, only aim to identify relationships

    Describe the Scientific Method

    • Attempts to uncover lawful relationships among things
    • Begins with making observations of patterns in nature
    • Example: When I am in a good mood and smile at customers, my tips seem larger than when I don't smile and am in a foul mood
    • After observation, a testable hypothesis is made
    • Design an experiment to test the hypothesis
    • Must be well-designed and well-executed
    • Must have an independent variable (cause) and a dependent variable (effect)
    • Participants must be randomly assigned to experimental conditions

    Describe the Power Paradox

    • Empathy and kindness cause individuals to become more powerful, but empathy levels decrease as individuals gain power
    • Two Routes to Power:
      • Reputational Power: attained through socially intelligent strategies that involve empathy and kindness
      • Coercive Power: attained through a top-down machiavellian strategy

    Describe Negative Behaviors Associated with Power and Wealth

    • Paul Piff's Monopoly Study:
      • Wealthier and more powerful players are more likely to be boastful and rude towards the less wealthy player
      • Wealthier players do not attribute the role of luck in winning the game
    • Income vs. Donation Study:
      • High-income people are less likely to donate 10 USD to an anonymous stranger
    • Rigged Dice Game Study:
      • Wealthier individuals are 3-4x more likely to cheat in a game with a 50 USD prize
    • Candy Jar Study:
      • Participants who felt rich are more likely to take candy from a jar reserved for a nearby developmental study of children
    • Pedestrian Crossing Study:
      • Drivers of more expensive car brands are less likely to stop for pedestrians waiting to cross
    • Wealth and Negotiation Study:
      • Wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations and endorse unethical behavior

    Distinguish between Characteristics of Good and Bad Leaders

    • Good Leaders:
      • High Emotional Intelligence
      • Kind, gentle, and empathic
      • Focused on the interests of others
      • Examples: Abraham Lincoln, Doctors Without Borders
    • Bad Leaders:
      • Selfish, insensitive, and incompetent
      • Examples: "almost" psychopaths, "bad bosses"### Military Leadership vs. Business Leadership
    • Military leaders may not succeed in business due to the differing nature of leadership, as the military emphasizes following orders, whereas innovation is key in business.
    • The Psychology of Military Incompetence parallels The Psychology of Business Incompetence, highlighting the darker aspects of personality.

    Assessing Personality and Leadership

    • Sears' hiring process involved IQ tests, personality tests, and interviews, but 65% of candidates failed, exhibiting diagnosable personality disorders.
    • Core assessments can identify the "periodic table of elements of personality."
    • Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is often considered "pop psychology" and therefore unreliable.

    Emotional Intelligence and Leadership

    • High EQ individuals are calm, steady, and lack urgency, whereas low EQ individuals are unstable and urgent.

    Monitoring Personal Reputation

    • There are multiple reputations to consider, including those perceived by subordinates, peers, and superiors.
    • Cultural differences should be taken into account when evaluating reputation.

    The Dark and Bright Sides of Personality

    • Personality has a dark, bright, and inner side, encompassing values that vary cross-culturally.

    The Goal of Leadership

    • The fundamental goal of leadership is to work for the common good, rather than personal gain.

    Effective Management

    • Managers should prioritize the long-term success of the company over personal benefits, ensuring the survival of the organization.

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    Description

    Learn about the differences between experimental and correlational methods of investigation. Explore the manipulation of variables to establish causality, controlled environments, and randomly assigned conditions in experiments. Gain insight into the characteristics and applications of each method.

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