30 Questions
Which of the following is true about carbohydrates?
They are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms.
What is the primary focus of Lesson 1 regarding carbohydrates?
Both A and B.
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
Glucose
Which of the following is an oligosaccharide?
Raffinose
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
Cellulose
What is the primary goal of the laboratory activities in this module?
To prepare a written laboratory report for each activity.
Which of the following is the general formula for monosaccharides?
CnH2nOn
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Sources of energy
From which source do plants obtain the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis?
Air
What is the term used to describe compounds composed of C, H, and O with the empirical formula (CH2O)n?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Providing energy for muscle contraction
What is the term derived from the French phrase 'hydrate de carbone'?
Carbohydrate
What functional group is present in an aldose?
Aldehyde group
Which prefix indicates a monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms in its chain?
Pent-
What is the general formula for an aldose?
$C_nH_{2n}O_n$
What type of stereoisomers are mirror images of each other?
Enantiomers
What monosaccharide is classified as an aldotriose?
Glyceraldehyde
How do enantiomers differ from each other?
They have different physical properties.
Which type of stereoisomers differ by only the configuration of a single stereocenter?
Epimers
How many stereoisomers can be possible for a compound with 3 chiral carbon atoms?
8
In monosaccharide stereochemistry, what is used to assign stereochemistry for simple sugars?
Fischer projection
What is the term for a carbon atom with 4 different atoms or groups of atoms attached to it?
Chiral carbon
Which type of stereoisomers have different configurations at one or more, but not all, stereocenters?
Diastereomers
What designation is given to a sugar if the hydroxyl group is pointing to the right in Fischer projection?
D
Which carbon atom in the monosaccharide does not exist in the open chain form?
Carbon 1 (anomeric carbon)
What is the preferred structure for monosaccharides in aqueous solution?
Cyclic pyranose and furanose forms
Which of the following statements about glucose is NOT true?
It is synthesized in the seminal vesicles for use by sperm.
What is the primary dietary source of glucose?
Plant starch and disaccharides
Which of the following statements about fructose is true?
It is sweeter than sucrose on a per gram basis.
What is the primary role of fructose in the male reproductive tract?
It is used as an energy source by sperm.
Study Notes
Biomolecules Overview
- Biomolecules are molecules involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms.
- This module covers the structure, properties, and functions of four biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant constituents of plants and animals.
- They consist of polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyketones and their derivatives.
- Empirical formula: (CH2O)n, where n ≥ 3.
- Functions: sources of energy, intermediates in biosynthesis, associated with glycosides, vitamins, and antibiotics, and form structural tissues.
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: simple sugars, cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler components, general formula: CnH2nOn, where n varies from 3-8.
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
- Classified by functional group present:
- Aldose: aldehyde group
- Ketose: ketone group
- Classified by the number of carbons:
- Triose: 3 C atoms
- Tetrose: 4 C atoms
- Pentose: 5 C atoms
- Hexose: 6 C atoms
Important Monosaccharides
- Glucose (D-Glucose or dextrose): primary fuel for living cells, found in large quantities throughout the living world.
- Fructose (D-Fructose or levulose): often referred to as fruit sugar, found in fruit, vegetables, and honey, used in the male reproductive tract.
Stereochemistry
- Stereoisomers: molecules with the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the way that the constituent atoms are oriented in space.
- Enantiomers: molecules that contain a center of asymmetry, mirror images of each other, same physical properties, rotate polarized light in different directions.
- Diastereomers: stereoisomers that are not mirror images, have different configurations at one or more stereocenters.
- Epimers: diastereomers that differ by only the configuration of a single stereocenter.
- Van’t Hoff’s rule: a compound with n chiral carbon atoms has a maximum of 2n possible stereoisomers.
Monosaccharide Stereoisomers
- Fischer projection: used to determine monosaccharide stereochemistry.
- The highest oxidation state is placed near the top of a linear representation of the carbon chain.
- For simple sugars, the lowest chiral position is used to assign stereochemistry.
Test your knowledge on the structure, properties, and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living organisms. This quiz covers the essential concepts from the biomolecules module, including laboratory activities and report writing.
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