Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from?
Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from?
from the catabolism of a fuel molecule
Explain the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Explain the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly during certain steps of glucose breakdown, while oxidative phosphorylation is a more complicated process that occurs in other parts of the cell and uses an external electron acceptor.
The most common method for generating energy in the cell occurs when __________ is converted to __________.
The most common method for generating energy in the cell occurs when __________ is converted to __________.
ATP, ADP
Which of the following processes or structures are involved with oxidative phosphorylation? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following processes or structures are involved with oxidative phosphorylation? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)
Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)
How is ATP involved with the sodium and potassium gradients in a cell?
How is ATP involved with the sodium and potassium gradients in a cell?
What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the phosphate group?
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the phosphate group?
The process of releasing one or two molecules of phosphate groups from ATP is called __________.
The process of releasing one or two molecules of phosphate groups from ATP is called __________.
What will happen when a polynucleotide is formed?
What will happen when a polynucleotide is formed?
What type of bonds are found between the DNA sugar hydroxyl groups and what are their corresponding carbon numbers?
What type of bonds are found between the DNA sugar hydroxyl groups and what are their corresponding carbon numbers?
How does replacing one −OH group with an −H affect the way adjacent nucleotides connect through phosphodiester linkages in strands of DNA versus RNA?
How does replacing one −OH group with an −H affect the way adjacent nucleotides connect through phosphodiester linkages in strands of DNA versus RNA?
What is the speed of light in units of miles per minute?
What is the speed of light in units of miles per minute?
If we wish to convert a value in years into days, a conversion factor we could use would be:
If we wish to convert a value in years into days, a conversion factor we could use would be:
In dimensional analysis, what is a conversion factor?
In dimensional analysis, what is a conversion factor?
__________ is often called the 'energy currency' of the cell.
__________ is often called the 'energy currency' of the cell.
With regards to ATP, which of the following statements is NOT true?
With regards to ATP, which of the following statements is NOT true?
Which process is illustrated by the following generic reaction? A+enzyme+ATP→[A−enzyme−∼P]→B+enzyme+ADP+phosphate ion.
Which process is illustrated by the following generic reaction? A+enzyme+ATP→[A−enzyme−∼P]→B+enzyme+ADP+phosphate ion.
Identify the phosphate group that is removed to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Identify the phosphate group that is removed to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)
Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is derived from __________.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is derived from __________.
What biochemical pathway involves the reduction of both FAD+ and NAD+ in the same process allowing their reduced forms to donate electrons to the electron transport chain? (Select the correct answer below)
What biochemical pathway involves the reduction of both FAD+ and NAD+ in the same process allowing their reduced forms to donate electrons to the electron transport chain? (Select the correct answer below)
How does NADH differ from NAD+? (Select the correct answer below)
How does NADH differ from NAD+? (Select the correct answer below)
Which of the following statements is NOT true? (Select the correct answer below)
Which of the following statements is NOT true? (Select the correct answer below)
What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? (Select the correct answer below)
What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? (Select the correct answer below)
Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from? (Select the correct answer below)
Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from? (Select the correct answer below)
Study Notes
Energy and ATP
- Energy to regenerate ATP is derived from the catabolism of fuel molecules.
- ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, functioning as the "energy currency" of the cell.
- Energy release occurs when ATP is converted to ADP, through hydrolysis.
Phosphorylation Processes
- Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly during glucose breakdown, while oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport chain and requires an external electron acceptor.
- Oxidative phosphorylation establishes a proton gradient through electron transport chain reactions.
- The hydrolysis of ATP powers sodium and potassium pumps that move ions against electrochemical gradients.
Phosphate Groups and Nucleotide Structure
- AMP consists of adenine, ribose, and a single phosphate group, making it a component of RNA.
- The release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP is called dephosphorylation, which releases energy.
- Phosphodiester bonds link DNA sugar hydroxyl groups at the 3′ and 5′ positions.
Differences in Nucleotide Sugars
- Deoxyribose (in DNA) differs from ribose (in RNA) by having one less hydroxyl group, affecting how nucleotides form phosphodiester linkages.
Energetics of Light and Conversion Factors
- The speed of light is approximately 1.118×10⁷ miles per minute.
- A year can be converted to days using the factor of 365 days/year.
Biochemical Pathways and Electron Carriers
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) derives from riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate.
- The citric acid cycle reduces both FAD+ and NAD+, allowing these reduced forms to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
- NADH differs from NAD+ by having one additional H+ ion and two more electrons.
Mitochondrial Function in Eukaryotes
- In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs within the mitochondria; in prokaryotes, it takes place in the plasma membrane.
Summary of Phosphorylation Types
- Substrate phosphorylation directly adds a phosphate group in a chemical reaction, whereas oxidative phosphorylation utilizes a complex process known as chemiosmosis.
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Description
This flashcard quiz covers important concepts in nutrition and energy, focusing on ATP regeneration and the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Test your knowledge on these key biochemical processes essential for life.
