Module 12: Nutrition and Energy for Life
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Questions and Answers

Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from?

from the catabolism of a fuel molecule

Explain the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly during certain steps of glucose breakdown, while oxidative phosphorylation is a more complicated process that occurs in other parts of the cell and uses an external electron acceptor.

The most common method for generating energy in the cell occurs when __________ is converted to __________.

ATP, ADP

Which of the following processes or structures are involved with oxidative phosphorylation? (Select all that apply)

<p>The electron transport chain (A), A proton gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)

<p>AMP is composed of an adenine molecule, a ribose molecule, and a single phosphate group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ATP involved with the sodium and potassium gradients in a cell?

<p>The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy that is used by the proteins that act as sodium and potassium pumps to move the ions against the electrochemical gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Substrate phosphorylation adds a phosphate group by a direct chemical reaction, while oxidative phosphorylation involves a complex process called chemiosmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the phosphate group?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of releasing one or two molecules of phosphate groups from ATP is called __________.

<p>dephosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen when a polynucleotide is formed?

<p>The 5' phosphate of the incoming nucleotide reacts with the 3' hydroxyl group at the end of the growing chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are found between the DNA sugar hydroxyl groups and what are their corresponding carbon numbers?

<p>Phosphodiester; 3′,5′</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does replacing one −OH group with an −H affect the way adjacent nucleotides connect through phosphodiester linkages in strands of DNA versus RNA?

<p>It has no significant effect on the formation of phosphodiester linkages because the missing −OH in deoxyribose is on carbon 2′, and the phosphodiester linkages only form on carbons 3′ and 5′ in nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of light in units of miles per minute?

<p>1.118×10^7 miles per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

If we wish to convert a value in years into days, a conversion factor we could use would be:

<p>365 days/1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

In dimensional analysis, what is a conversion factor?

<p>ratios of physical quantities used to compare desired units</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ is often called the 'energy currency' of the cell.

<p>adenosine triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

With regards to ATP, which of the following statements is NOT true?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is illustrated by the following generic reaction? A+enzyme+ATP→[A−enzyme−∼P]→B+enzyme+ADP+phosphate ion.

<p>phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the phosphate group that is removed to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

<p>gamma phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)

<p>The release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP, a process called dephosphorylation, releases energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flavin adenine dinucleotide is derived from __________.

<p>riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biochemical pathway involves the reduction of both FAD+ and NAD+ in the same process allowing their reduced forms to donate electrons to the electron transport chain? (Select the correct answer below)

<p>The citric acid cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does NADH differ from NAD+? (Select the correct answer below)

<p>It has one more H+ ion and two more electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true? (Select the correct answer below)

<p>In prokaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation process takes place in the mitochondria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? (Select the correct answer below)

<p>Substrate phosphorylation adds a phosphate group by a direct chemical reaction, while oxidative phosphorylation involves a complex process called chemiosmosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from? (Select the correct answer below)

<p>From the catabolism of a fuel molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy and ATP

  • Energy to regenerate ATP is derived from the catabolism of fuel molecules.
  • ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, functioning as the "energy currency" of the cell.
  • Energy release occurs when ATP is converted to ADP, through hydrolysis.

Phosphorylation Processes

  • Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly during glucose breakdown, while oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport chain and requires an external electron acceptor.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation establishes a proton gradient through electron transport chain reactions.
  • The hydrolysis of ATP powers sodium and potassium pumps that move ions against electrochemical gradients.

Phosphate Groups and Nucleotide Structure

  • AMP consists of adenine, ribose, and a single phosphate group, making it a component of RNA.
  • The release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP is called dephosphorylation, which releases energy.
  • Phosphodiester bonds link DNA sugar hydroxyl groups at the 3′ and 5′ positions.

Differences in Nucleotide Sugars

  • Deoxyribose (in DNA) differs from ribose (in RNA) by having one less hydroxyl group, affecting how nucleotides form phosphodiester linkages.

Energetics of Light and Conversion Factors

  • The speed of light is approximately 1.118×10⁷ miles per minute.
  • A year can be converted to days using the factor of 365 days/year.

Biochemical Pathways and Electron Carriers

  • Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) derives from riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate.
  • The citric acid cycle reduces both FAD+ and NAD+, allowing these reduced forms to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
  • NADH differs from NAD+ by having one additional H+ ion and two more electrons.

Mitochondrial Function in Eukaryotes

  • In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs within the mitochondria; in prokaryotes, it takes place in the plasma membrane.

Summary of Phosphorylation Types

  • Substrate phosphorylation directly adds a phosphate group in a chemical reaction, whereas oxidative phosphorylation utilizes a complex process known as chemiosmosis.

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Description

This flashcard quiz covers important concepts in nutrition and energy, focusing on ATP regeneration and the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Test your knowledge on these key biochemical processes essential for life.

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