Questions and Answers
Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from?
from the catabolism of a fuel molecule
Explain the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly during certain steps of glucose breakdown, while oxidative phosphorylation is a more complicated process that occurs in other parts of the cell and uses an external electron acceptor.
The most common method for generating energy in the cell occurs when __________ is converted to __________.
ATP, ADP
Which of the following processes or structures are involved with oxidative phosphorylation? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)
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How is ATP involved with the sodium and potassium gradients in a cell?
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What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about the phosphate group?
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The process of releasing one or two molecules of phosphate groups from ATP is called __________.
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What will happen when a polynucleotide is formed?
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What type of bonds are found between the DNA sugar hydroxyl groups and what are their corresponding carbon numbers?
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How does replacing one −OH group with an −H affect the way adjacent nucleotides connect through phosphodiester linkages in strands of DNA versus RNA?
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What is the speed of light in units of miles per minute?
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If we wish to convert a value in years into days, a conversion factor we could use would be:
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In dimensional analysis, what is a conversion factor?
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__________ is often called the 'energy currency' of the cell.
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With regards to ATP, which of the following statements is NOT true?
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Which process is illustrated by the following generic reaction? A+enzyme+ATP→[A−enzyme−∼P]→B+enzyme+ADP+phosphate ion.
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Identify the phosphate group that is removed to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
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Which of the following statements is true? (Select the correct answer below)
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Flavin adenine dinucleotide is derived from __________.
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What biochemical pathway involves the reduction of both FAD+ and NAD+ in the same process allowing their reduced forms to donate electrons to the electron transport chain? (Select the correct answer below)
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How does NADH differ from NAD+? (Select the correct answer below)
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Which of the following statements is NOT true? (Select the correct answer below)
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What is the difference between substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? (Select the correct answer below)
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Where does the energy to regenerate ATP come from? (Select the correct answer below)
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Study Notes
Energy and ATP
- Energy to regenerate ATP is derived from the catabolism of fuel molecules.
- ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, functioning as the "energy currency" of the cell.
- Energy release occurs when ATP is converted to ADP, through hydrolysis.
Phosphorylation Processes
- Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly during glucose breakdown, while oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport chain and requires an external electron acceptor.
- Oxidative phosphorylation establishes a proton gradient through electron transport chain reactions.
- The hydrolysis of ATP powers sodium and potassium pumps that move ions against electrochemical gradients.
Phosphate Groups and Nucleotide Structure
- AMP consists of adenine, ribose, and a single phosphate group, making it a component of RNA.
- The release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP is called dephosphorylation, which releases energy.
- Phosphodiester bonds link DNA sugar hydroxyl groups at the 3′ and 5′ positions.
Differences in Nucleotide Sugars
- Deoxyribose (in DNA) differs from ribose (in RNA) by having one less hydroxyl group, affecting how nucleotides form phosphodiester linkages.
Energetics of Light and Conversion Factors
- The speed of light is approximately 1.118×10⁷ miles per minute.
- A year can be converted to days using the factor of 365 days/year.
Biochemical Pathways and Electron Carriers
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) derives from riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate.
- The citric acid cycle reduces both FAD+ and NAD+, allowing these reduced forms to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
- NADH differs from NAD+ by having one additional H+ ion and two more electrons.
Mitochondrial Function in Eukaryotes
- In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs within the mitochondria; in prokaryotes, it takes place in the plasma membrane.
Summary of Phosphorylation Types
- Substrate phosphorylation directly adds a phosphate group in a chemical reaction, whereas oxidative phosphorylation utilizes a complex process known as chemiosmosis.
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Description
This flashcard quiz covers important concepts in nutrition and energy, focusing on ATP regeneration and the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. Test your knowledge on these key biochemical processes essential for life.
