Module 1 History: Around the World

Questions and Answers

Who was Edward R. Henry?

A British commissioner and law enforcement leader in British-ruled India.

What significant system did Henry produce?

The first official fingerprint classification system.

Henry was in India developing the classification system at the same time as Juan Vucetich.

True

Who were Azizul Haque and Chandra Bose?

Indian officers partnered with Henry to study fingerprint classification. Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable outcome of the findings proposed by Henry?

Replacement of anthropometry in British India Signup and view all the answers

What was Azil Haque's contribution to fingerprinting?

He partnered with Chandra Bose to create a mathematical model for sorting fingerprint cards. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Juan Vucetich?

A statistician who developed the Vucetich Classification system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the outline of hand/fingers found at Kejimkujik Lake?

It is said to be the first documented depiction of friction ridge detail. Signup and view all the answers

The Neolithic burial chamber in L'ille de Gavrinis had carvings resembling friction ridge patterns.

True Signup and view all the answers

What did archeologists find in clay pottery from the Middle East?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Who was Hammurabi?

A ruler from the 1700s BC known for a collection of arrested prints by law officers. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fingerprints were identified from King Tutankhamen's tomb?

Prints found pressed into the tomb walls. Signup and view all the answers

What significant method did Emperor Ts-In-She use for sealing documents?

He used an authenticating fingerprint along with his name and personal symbol. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of blood stamping in Japan?

To sign documentation, including divorce papers. Signup and view all the answers

When was systematic use of fingerprints introduced in the Americas?

1882 Signup and view all the answers

Who established the American Classification System in 1903?

Parke Signup and view all the answers

Who was Marcello Malpighi?

An anatomist and professor recognized for using microscopes in medical studies. Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Nehemiah Grew make to the study of fingerprints?

He was the first to describe ridge detail. Signup and view all the answers

Who authored 'The Ventral Surface of the Mammalian Chiridium'?

Inez Whipple Signup and view all the answers

What was Thomas Bewick known for?

Studying friction ridge detail and creating woodcarvings of animals. Signup and view all the answers

What did Inez Whipple theorize about the formation of ridges?

Ridges formed due to hair loss on volar surfaces of scales. Signup and view all the answers

What did Johannes Purkinje contribute to the understanding of fingerprints?

He was the first to name groupings for classification of fingerprints. Signup and view all the answers

What major role did Mary Holland have related to fingerprinting?

1st female instructor of fingerprinting for the Navy Signup and view all the answers

Mary Holland was one of four experts who testified in the Thomas Jennings case.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the term 'poroscopy'?

Edmond Locard Signup and view all the answers

In which country did Edmond Locard establish the 1st police crime lab?

France Signup and view all the answers

What did Harris Hawthorne Wilder contribute to the field of fingerprint analysis?

Formed a school on classification Signup and view all the answers

What innovation did John Dondero contribute to fingerprinting?

Clean, inkless system for taking fingerprints Signup and view all the answers

Who was credited as the first European to recognize friction ridge value?

William Herschel Signup and view all the answers

Henry Faulds was the first to publish on the value of friction ridge as evidence.

True Signup and view all the answers

What year did William Herschel return to England?

1879 Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the first scientific method for criminal identification known as the Bertillonage?

Alphonse Bertillon Signup and view all the answers

Francis Galton was primarily focused on fingerprinting.

False Signup and view all the answers

What significant publication did Francis Galton release in 1892?

Fingerprints Signup and view all the answers

What method did Gilbert Thompson use to prevent fraud in New Mexico?

Thumbprint Signup and view all the answers

What is Galton's Points referred to?

Specific minutiae in fingerprints Signup and view all the answers

What did Alphonse Bertillon's system primarily rely on for identification?

Anatomical measurements Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person convicted with fingerprints in the US?

Charles Crispi Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary case that Lieutenant Joseph Faurot testified on?

Caesar Cella case Signup and view all the answers

Lieutenant Joseph Faurot's testimony had no impact on the acceptance of fingerprint evidence.

False Signup and view all the answers

When was the FBI Identification Division established?

July 1, 1924 Signup and view all the answers

What led to the establishment of the Bureau of Investigations' Identification Division?

Adoption of Identification Divisions by military branches Signup and view all the answers

Which year did the Army adopt its Identification Division?

1905 Signup and view all the answers

What two organizations were consolidated to help form the FBI Identification Division?

Leavenworth Identification and National Police Bureau Signup and view all the answers

Who is Joseph Faurot?

Best known for modernizing science-forward investigations leading to police reform and the capture of Priest Hans Schmidt. Signup and view all the answers

What is Faurot known for in relation to the Caesar Cella (Charles Crispi) case?

His role in the case and the first erroneous identification of a still unsolved double homicide. Signup and view all the answers

Who owns the Faurot Science Company now?

Sirchie Fingerprint Laboratories. Signup and view all the answers

IAI adopts the John A. Dondero Memorial Award as the highest honor in friction ridge contributions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first recipient of the John A. Dondero Memorial Award?

J. Edgar Hoover. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Harold Cummins?

A professor at Tulane University who studied dermatoglyphics. Signup and view all the answers

What was published by Harold Cummins?

"Fingerprints, Palms, and Soles". Signup and view all the answers

What did Roy Huber introduce in the 1950s?

ACE-V for identification. Signup and view all the answers

What did David Ashbaugh publish in 1999?

"Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis...". Signup and view all the answers

What term did David Ashbaugh coin in 1982?

Ridgeology. Signup and view all the answers

Henry Faulds published a letter to Nature in 1880 on the skin's furrows.

True Signup and view all the answers

What did Faulds' research primarily focus on?

Comparisons of friction ridge skin on monkeys and humans. Signup and view all the answers

Who authored 'Life on the Mississippi'?

Clemens Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of 'The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson'?

A lawyer who took local prints of the community to solve a murder Signup and view all the answers

Fingerprints are different on each finger.

True Signup and view all the answers

What significant event happened in 1892 related to fingerprinting?

The first homicide solved with fingerprint evidence in Argentina. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Francesca Rojas?

A woman who reported her neighbor killed her two sons. Signup and view all the answers

What discovery did Inspector Eduardo Alvarez make?

Bloody thumbprints on the doorstop that matched Francesca Rojas. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Troup Committee advocate for in 1893?

Adding fingerprints to Scotland Yard's anthropometry cards. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Belper Committee in 1894?

To initiate the abandonment of Bertillonage in favor of Henry Classification. Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the Will/William West case in 1903?

It weakened anthropometry due to two indistinguishable records. Signup and view all the answers

What was demonstrated at the 1904 World's Fair regarding identification?

The superiority of fingerprints over anthropometry. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Historical Significance of Fingerprints

Kejimkujik Lake, Nova Scotia: Features a handprint outline by Aboriginal people, possibly the first recorded depiction of friction ridge detail showing flexion creases and thumb whorls.
L'ille de Gavrinis, France: A Neolithic burial chamber contains stone carvings resembling friction ridge patterns, highlighting the ambiguity of identification without anatomical context.
Middle Eastern Clay Pottery: Excavated ruins revealed prints encased in building materials, aiding the dating of artifacts and ownership identification. Trademarks date back to 1855-1913 BC, similar to modern practices.
Royal Collections: Hammurabi’s era (1700s BC) included documented arrest fingerprints; King Tutankhamen's tomb displayed fingerprints pressed into walls, indicating early forensic techniques.
Earthenware from China: Identifiable prints discovered on pottery date back over 6000 years, considered the oldest recovered prints.
Emperor Ts-In-She, China: First emperor to authenticate wooden tablets with a personal symbol and fingerprint, establishing the tradition of clay finger seals.
Wei and Jin Dynasties, China: Transitioned from clay to silk and paper, utilizing hand prints for contract validation through the act of hand tracing and stamping.
Deed of Hand Mark, China: Introduced major creases and signature combinations for certifications, particularly in military documentation from 715 AD.
Blood Stamping and Divorce, Japan: Use of ring finger stamping in legal documents, including divorce papers, expanded from Chinese practices, facilitating accessibility for illiterate husbands.

Key Figures in Fingerprint Study

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694): Italian anatomist recognized for utilizing microscopes for medical studies and publishing findings on friction ridge functionality, enhancing understanding of grip and mobility.
Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712): Described ridge details and skin features in microscopical studies, contributing significantly to the early knowledge of skin patterns and sweat pores.
J.C.A. Mayer (1747-1801): Acknowledged the uniqueness of friction ridge arrangements, emphasizing the individuality of fingerprints.
Thomas Bewick (1753-1828): A British engraver noted for studying fingerprint details, producing recognizable woodcarvings that incorporated his signature within fingerprint studies.
Johannes Purkinje (1787-1869): Pioneered fingerprint classification by identifying groups and publishing comparative studies, laying groundwork for future fingerprint analysis.### William Herschel
European British administrator for the East India Company (1833-1917).
First European to acknowledge the significance of friction ridge patterns for identification, observing prints in Bengal's Hooghly District in the 1850s.
Authored the "Hooghly Letter" to the Inspector of Jails in which he claimed to be the first to utilize prints for identification following the Konai Contract (1858); this claim faced rejection due to prior documented uses.
Employed local friction ridge prints for identification purposes in the 1860s to combat fraud.
Returned to England in 1879 and conducted research demonstrating the persistence of friction ridge patterns over 20-, 30-, and 54-year intervals.

Henry Faulds

Scottish doctor and medical missionary (1843-1930).
First to publish research advocating for friction ridge patterns as identification evidence, through a letter in Nature titled "On the Skin -- Furrows of the Hand" (1880).
Conducted a year-long study on fingerprinting, examining cultural practices related to prints in East Asia and experimenting with ridge patterns and classification methods.
Shared his findings with Charles Darwin, which were subsequently passed to cousin Frances Galton.
Later sources indicate that Robert Blake Overton had used fingerprinting in investigations even before Faulds.

Gilbert Thompson

American typographer (1839-1909).
First to utilize fingerprints for identification in the United States in 1882.
Led a surveying team in New Mexico and employed his thumbprint on monetary transactions to prevent fraud.

Alphonse Bertillon

Creator of the first systematic method for criminal identification, known as Bertillonage or Anthropometric System (1853-1914).
Worked as a clerk in the Prefecture of Police and developed criminal measurements based on unique anatomical traits, leading to his first identification on February 20, 1883.
Bertillon's method mainly relied on specific measurements, including height, reach, head length, and finger size.
Initially faced resistance but gained recognition after successfully identifying a man with a false claim.
His methodology lost precedence after Francis Galton's research in 1888 and was ultimately challenged during the Will/William West case (1903) for its flaws.
Died in 1914, having solved the first latent print crime without a suspect in 1902.

Francis Galton

British explorer and anthropologist known for his contributions to the study of fingerprints (1822-1911).
First to identify and name specific fingerprint minutiae, known as Galton's Points.
Received research from Henry Faulds via Darwin regarding the significance of fingerprints, but initially focused on anthropometry.
Shifted his attention to fingerprinting after recognizing its superiority over the Bertillonage system, leading to a lecture promoting his findings.
Published "Fingerprints" in 1892, establishing the uniqueness and consistency of fingerprints, significantly advancing the field toward recognition as a legitimate science.### Henry
British Commissioner and law enforcement leader in British-ruled India from 1850 to 1931.
Credited with developing the first official fingerprint classification system, launching the modern era of fingerprinting.
Worked simultaneously with Juan Vucetich on classification systems due to skepticism about anthropometric accuracy.
Coordinated with Galton, assigning Azizul Haque and Chandra Bose to address classification issues, leading to successful methodologies.
Proposed findings to the Indian government, resulting in the replacement of anthropometry in British India in the 1890s after the Belper Committee endorsed his system for its simplicity and reliability.

Azizul Haque

Indian officer who partnered with Chandra Bose to create a mathematical model for sorting fingerprint cards into pigeonholes based on patterns.
Instrumental in formulating the Henry Classification system, establishing the world's first Fingerprint Bureau in Calcutta in 1897.

Chandra Bose

Mathematician who collaborated with Azizul Haque on the mathematical model for organizing fingerprint cards.
Played a vital role in the development of the Henry Classification system and the creation of the first Fingerprint Bureau in Calcutta in 1897.

Juan Vucetich

Statistician with the Central Police Department in La Plata, Argentina, active from 1855 to 1925.
Established the Anthropometric Identification Bureau in Argentina in 1891 and formulated the Vucetich Classification system, widely used in Spanish-speaking countries.
First to successfully utilize fingerprints for law enforcement, solving a homicide case in Argentina (Rojas Murders, 1892).

Henry DeForest

American physician and pioneer of systematic fingerprint usage in the US, associated with the NYPD from 1864 to 1948.
Introduced requirements for civil service applicants to submit fingerprints to prevent forgery, marking a significant move towards adopting fingerprinting in official processes since 1902.

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Explore significant historical sites around the globe, including the ancient Aboriginal handprints at Kejimkujik Lake and the stone carvings at L'ille de Gavrinis. This quiz delves into the early representations of human fingerprints and their relevance in history. Test your knowledge of these fascinating archaeological discoveries.