Module 05: Clinical Laboratory - Histopathology
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Questions and Answers

Which figure is recognized as the father of Histologic Pathology?

  • Ferdinand Blum
  • Marcello Malpighi
  • Rudolf Virchow
  • Johannes Muller (correct)

What is the primary focus of routine tissue processing in the Histopathology section?

  • Detection of microbial pathogens
  • Preparation of tissue for microscopic examination (correct)
  • Analysis of fluid cytology
  • Identification of tumor grades

Which process is NOT part of cytology?

  • Histologic analysis (correct)
  • Aspiration cytology
  • Exfoliative cytology
  • Fluid cytology

Who is known for establishing the first pathology laboratory?

<p>Rudolf Virchow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Parasitology section in clinical laboratories?

<p>To detect parasites in stool samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step in routine tissue processing?

<p>Embedding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does formalin consist of in terms of concentration?

<p>Pure formaldehyde diluted with water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormality refers to the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in the size of its cells?

<p>Hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a rotary microtome?

<p>To ensure consistent thickness in sections of paraffin-embedded tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microtome is specifically used for rapid sectioning of softer tissues?

<p>Rocking Microtome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a cryostat for enzyme histochemistry?

<p>It creates a cold environment that enhances enzyme stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical thickness range for sections cut by a freezing microtome?

<p>8–15 µm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'microtome' derive from?

<p>Greek for 'small cut' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microtome is best suited for cutting ultrathin sections for electron microscopy?

<p>Ultrathin Microtome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a cryostat play in rapid diagnostics?

<p>It facilitates rapid freezing of tissue samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of grossing in tissue examination?

<p>Macroscopic evaluation and sectioning into smaller samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a Pathology Assistant?

<p>To gross routine specimens under established protocols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the routine tissue processing steps?

<p>Smearing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used in exfoliative cytology?

<p>Manually scraping or brushing cells from tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stain is applied first in the staining process of tissue sections?

<p>Hemotoxylin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in aspiration cytology?

<p>Using a fine needle for biopsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of exfoliative cytology?

<p>It analyzes cells scraped from body surfaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cytological analysis includes Papanicolau staining?

<p>Gynecological cytology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows the removal of excess background stain in the staining process?

<p>Apply eosin counterstain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Histopathology

The study of tissues to understand disease.

Routine Tissue Processing

Standard steps for preparing tissues for microscopic examination.

Johannes Müller

Father of Histologic Pathology (study of tissue structures).

Marcello Malpighi

Father of modern anatomic pathology (study of the body).

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Rudolf Virchow

Father of microscopic pathology (study of disease through the microscope).

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Ferdinand Blum

Key figure in formaldehyde use in tissue fixation.

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Formalin

Diluted formaldehyde solution, used for tissue fixation.

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Tissue fixation

Preserving tissues to maintain their structure for examination.

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Formalin's role in tissue

Formalin is used to preserve tissue samples for histology by controlling tissue fixation.

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Microtome

A tool for cutting thin tissue sections.

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Rotary Microtome

A type of microtome used for consistent thin sections, widely used today.

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Cryostat

A microtome that works in a cold chamber, used for frozen tissue, rapid diagnostics, and enzyme studies.

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Freezing Microtome

A microtome used specifically for frozen tissues or rapid diagnostics, for minimal chemical processing while preserving activity.

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Sliding Microtome

A type of microtome used for large, hard tissue specimens, for serial sectioning.

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Grossing

Macroscopic evaluation and sectioning of tissue into smaller samples before microscopic study, and placement into cassettes.

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Ultrathin Microtome

A specialized microtome used to create very thin sections (50-100 nm) for viewing subcellular structures under an electron microscope.

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Pathologist's role

Diagnosing diseases in complex specimens like tumors and organ resections.

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Pathology Assistant (PA) task

Handling routine specimens (biopsies, etc.) under pathologist supervision.

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Routine Tissue Processing steps

A series of steps including fixation, dehydration, clearing, infiltration, embedding, trimming, sectioning, staining, and mounting.

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Exfoliative Cytology

Diagnosing diseases using cells shed from the body naturally.

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Aspiration Cytology

Diagnosing disease via samples of cells not naturally shed, often using a fine needle aspiration.

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Pap Smear

A screening test for cervical cancer using a gynecological cytology technique.

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Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining

Common tissue staining technique for microscopic examination. Hematoxylin stains the nucleus and Eosin stains cytoplasm.

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Microscopic Evaluation

Analyzing tissue or cell samples under a microscope to identify abnormalities.

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Study Notes

Module 05: Sections of the Clinical Laboratory - Part 2

  • Module Objectives:
    • Describe the Microbiology section and list routine tests.
    • List medically important parasites and the role of the Parasitology section in stool sample detection.
    • Describe physical, chemical, and microscopic urinalysis.
    • List and define steps in routine tissue processing for Histopathology.

Module 05 - Unit 04: The Histopathology Section

  • Unit Objectives:
    • Identify figures crucial to histopathology development.
    • List and define steps in routine tissue processing.
    • Define cytology and differentiate exfoliative cytology from aspiration cytology.

Topic Outline

  • Nature of Histopathology
  • Historical Developments
  • Routine Services
  • Routine Tissue Processing
  • Cytology and Cytopathology

The Nature of Histopathology

  • Histopathology
  • Cytology
  • Cancer diagnostics

Histopathology Details

  • Hyperplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Anaplasia
  • Identifies tumor grades and margins

Normal Cells May Become Cancer Cells

  • Progression from normal cells to cancer cells

    • Normal -> Hyperplasia -> Dysplasia -> Cancer

  • Visual representations of the progression stages

Microscopic Differences

  • Normal tissue vs. Abnormal tissue
    • Images illustrating tissue differences

Other Details

  • M05 - U02 - Topic 02: The Historical Development
    • Who is the father of which?
      • Johannes Muller: Histologic Pathology
      • Marcello Malpighi: Modern Anatomic Pathology
      • Rudolf Virchow: Microscopic Pathology
  • Ferdinand Blum
    • Fixative effects of formaldehyde
    • Modern day formalin: standard tissue fixative
  • Why dilute pure formaldehyde into formalin?
    • Stability and handling
    • Controlled fixation
    • Safety concerns
    • Compatibility with tissue

Invention of Microtomes

  • Microtome definition: micro = "small," tome = "cut"
  • Key tool: cutting thin tissue sections

Tissue Blocks and Ribbons

  • Paraffin wax
  • Celloidin

Types of Microtomes

  • Sliding Microtome: Adams Jr., large, hard tissue specimens, serial sectioning
  • Rocking Microtome: Trefall, softer specimens, rapid sectioning
  • Rotary Microtome: Minot, consistent, thin sections, most widely used today
  • Freezing Microtome: Queckett, frozen tissue without embedding, rapid intraoperative diagnostics
  • Cryostat: Operates within a refrigerated chamber (-20°C to -30°C), rapid diagnostics, enzyme histochemistry
  • Ultrathin Microtome: Ultra-thin sections (50-100 nm), electron microscopy, subcellular structures

Cryostat & Enzyme Activity

  • Rapid freezing prevents denaturation
  • Cold environment maintains enzyme stability
  • Minimal chemical processing

Cytology and Cytopathology

  • Diagnose or screen for cancer, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions
  • Exfoliative cytology
  • Aspiration cytology

Exfoliative Cytology

  • Cells that are "shed" by the body naturally
  • Manually scraped or brushed (exfoliated) from the tissue surface
    • Smear technique
    • Cell block technique

Aspiration Cytology

  • Specimens that do not shed cells spontaneously
  • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)

Exfoliative Cytology Smear vs. FNAB Smear

  • Characteristics of each smear type: Cell morphology, nuclear details, overall appearance, abundant diagnostic cells, background

Cytological Procedures

  • CSF analysis
  • Pleural fluid analysis
  • Peritoneal/ascitic fluid analysis
  • Pericardial fluid analysis
  • Synovial fluid analysis
  • Cyst fluid analysis
  • Cytology of nipple discharge
  • Cytology of ovarian fluid
  • Brochoalveolar lavage (BAL)
  • Urine cytology
  • Sputum cytology
  • Nasal fluid cytology
  • Gastric fluid/lavage analysis
  • Gynecological cytology

Gynecological Cytology

  • Papanicolau stain
  • Pap Smear
  • Dr. George Papanicolau

Pap Smear

  • Diagram of specimens and collection techniques

  • Steps in preparing Pap smear samples

  • Stains used in Pap Smear preparation: Hematoxylin, 0.5% Acid Alcohol, 95% Ethanol, Orange G, EA modified, Absolute Alcohol.

  • Various instruments used

  • Stain-to-mounting process

Microscopic Evaluation

  • Normal vs abnormal microscopic slides

HPV Vaccination Timeline

  • Vaccination timeline for males and females at different ages

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Histopathology PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Module 05 focusing on the Histopathology section of the clinical laboratory. It includes the history, routine tissue processing, and the differentiation between cytology types. Explore the significance of these areas in medical diagnostics and disease understanding.

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