Daniel Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and Slow
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Questions and Answers

What is one characteristic of intuitive thinking according to the text?

  • It involves a deliberate process of retrieving information
  • It involves a passive experience in forming judgments (correct)
  • It requires following a specific program learned in school
  • It requires paying attention to steps and partial products

Which mode of thinking described in the text involves actively going through a learned program to produce an answer?

  • Intuitive thinking
  • Impression
  • Perception
  • Non-intuitive thinking (correct)

What is a clear distinction made between intuitive and non-intuitive thinking in the text?

  • Intuitive thinking involves following steps sequentially, while non-intuitive thinking is spontaneous
  • Intuitive thinking requires conscious effort, while non-intuitive thinking is automatic
  • Intuitive thinking is slow and deliberate, while non-intuitive thinking is quick and automatic
  • Intuitive thinking involves passive experiences, while non-intuitive thinking involves active retrieval of learned programs (correct)

What indicates how non-intuitive thinking works?

<p>Pupil dilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what does 'it just happens' refer to?

<p>Intuitive thinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operation is required to produce the answer '408' according to the text?

<p>Going through a learned program with steps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the mind's ability to remember information?

<p>The mind is more adept at remembering agents, their traits, and behaviors than abstract sentences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the phrase 'System 1 does X'?

<p>System 1 refers to mental activities that can be performed effortlessly and automatically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy does the author suggest to better remember the concept of System 1?

<p>Associate System 1 with agents, their traits, and behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author imply about the effectiveness of using agents and their traits as a memory aid?

<p>It is a strategy that can be effective for remembering information related to agents and their traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following statements is true regarding the mind's ability to remember information?

<p>The mind is more adept at remembering agents, their traits, and behaviors than abstract sentences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the main reason why pundits, CIA analysts, and regional experts are not good at long-term predictions?

<p>The world is not predictable in the long-term. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage suggest about the relationship between 'System 1' and 'System 2' thinking?

<p>System 1 and System 2 are just metaphorical constructs used to explain different modes of thinking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the primary reason why formulas can sometimes outperform individual judgment in situations with low predictability?

<p>Formulas are better able to identify and use weak cues that individuals often miss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point the author is trying to make about intuitions in the latter part of the passage?

<p>Intuitions can be false and subjectively indistinguishable from expert intuitions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage explain the connection between memory and the ability to remember lists versus spatial routes?

<p>Memory is better at remembering spatial routes because of evolutionary adaptations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the author's reference to Joshua Foer's book 'Moonwalking with Einstein'?

<p>To justify the author's use of the terms 'System 1' and 'System 2'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the key difference between how individuals and formulas perform in situations with low predictability?

<p>Formulas are better able to identify and use weak cues, while individuals struggle to do so consistently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the author uses the terms 'System 1' and 'System 2' despite acknowledging that they are fictitious characters and don't exist?

<p>The terms help to illustrate the differences between intuitive and analytical thinking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the key point the author is making about the limitations of expert predictions and forecasts?

<p>Experts are limited by the unpredictable nature of the world. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key insight the passage provides about the relationship between memory and the ability to remember lists versus spatial routes?

<p>Memory's ability to remember lists and spatial routes is determined by evolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person engages in effortful thinking or problem-solving?

<p>Their pupils dilate by approximately 50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author mean when they say that effortful thinking is "something you cannot do while making a left turn into traffic"?

<p>Effortful thinking requires complete focus and attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the bat and ball riddle, what percentage of students at top universities reportedly answered incorrectly?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author suggest is the reason why students answered the bat and ball riddle incorrectly?

<p>They did not check their initial intuitive answer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between System 1 and System 2 thinking?

<p>System 1 is intuitive and automatic, while System 2 is effortful and deliberate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the example given in the text, what is more likely to happen when a person's cognitive resources are occupied?

<p>They are more likely to make impulsive choices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author suggest about the relationship between skill and automatic processes?

<p>Skilled activities become more automatic over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate response when a driver finds themselves in a skid on a slippery surface?

<p>Do not brake and steer into the skid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person becomes highly practiced at a skill like handling skids?

<p>The skill becomes automatic and requires less conscious effort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the role of System 2 thinking in everyday life from the information provided in the text?

<p>System 2 thinking is required for overriding automatic responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of System 1 operations?

<p>Conscious and deliberate decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the passage suggest about the nature of intuition?

<p>Intuition is simply a form of recognition based on learned patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the key factor that determines whether an individual can develop intuitive expertise in a particular domain?

<p>The level of feedback and regularity in the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passage suggests that which of the following professions is most likely to develop strong intuitive expertise?

<p>Anesthesiologists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the main reason why political forecasters and stock market investors are unlikely to develop reliable intuitive expertise?

<p>The environments they operate in are too chaotic and unpredictable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples from the passage best illustrates the idea that intuition is a form of recognition based on learned patterns?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passage suggests that the concept of intuition presented by Malcolm Gladwell is problematic because it:

<p>Both b and c (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between System 1 and System 2 operations?

<p>System 1 operations are automatic and unconscious, while System 2 operations involve conscious, deliberate decision-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passage suggests that the development of intuitive expertise is LEAST likely to occur in which of the following domains?

<p>Political forecasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the main argument made in the passage about the nature of intuition?

<p>Intuition is a form of recognition based on learned patterns and regularities in the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

System 1

The automatic, intuitive, and effortless mental processes that occur without conscious effort.

System 2

The deliberate, effortful, and controlled mental processes that require conscious attention.

Predictability

The ability to make accurate predictions about the future, especially in the long-term, is limited.

Expert Judgment

Experts, despite their knowledge, don't necessarily outperform formulas in making long-term predictions.

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Formulas in Prediction

Formulas, in some cases, can be more accurate than expert opinions, particularly when the predictability is low.

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Intuition's Deception

Intuition can be flawed and may not be based on genuine expertise.

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Memory for Routes vs. Lists

Our memory is better at remembering spatial sequences than lists of abstract information.

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Mental Routes for Lists

Creating a mental route to connect items on a list can improve recall.

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Pupil Dilation & Effort

Pupil dilation can indicate mental effort and cognitive load.

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Effort and Self-Control

Exerting self-control and deliberate attention requires mental effort.

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Limited Effort Capacity

Our capacity for mental effort is limited, meaning multitasking can impair performance.

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Driving and System 2

Driving, with practice, becomes automatic, but in unexpected situations, System 2 takes over.

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Thinking about Agents

Humans are naturally good at understanding agents and forming impressions about their personalities.

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Remembering Abstract Content

We are not good at remembering abstract sentences or concepts.

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System 1 vs. System 2 Thinking

System 1 is responsible for automatic and intuitive thinking, while System 2 handles deliberate and effortful thinking.

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Modes of Thinking

There are two distinct modes of thinking: automatic and intuitive (System 1) and deliberate and effortful (System 2).

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Intuition & Recognition

Intuition is essentially recognition based on prior experiences and learning.

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Simon's Definition of Intuition

Herbert Simon defined intuition as recognition, emphasizing its connection to prior experience.

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Developing Intuition

Intuition can be developed through practice and exposure to regular patterns in the environment.

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Expertise & Intuition

Experts can develop intuition in their field, but it depends on the consistency of patterns and feedback.

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Study Notes

Predictability and Expertise

  • The world is not predictable, making it difficult to make accurate long-term predictions (10-15 years).
  • Experts, including pundits, CIA analysts, and regional experts, are good at short-term predictions but not good at long-term predictions.
  • Formulas can be more effective than individual judgment in certain domains, particularly those with low predictability and weak cues.

System 1 and System 2

  • System 1 refers to the automatic, intuitive, and effortless mental processes that occur without conscious effort.
  • System 2 refers to the deliberate, effortful, and controlled mental processes that require conscious attention.
  • System 1 operates automatically, while System 2 requires mental effort and can be impaired by other activities.

Intuition and Memory

  • Intuition can be false and may not be based on expertise.
  • Memory is good at remembering routes through space but poor at remembering lists.
  • Techniques like creating mental routes to remember lists can be effective.
  • Pupil dilation can indicate mental effort and attention.

Effort and Self-Control

  • Effort is required to exert self-control and deliberate attention.
  • Limited capacity for effort means that simultaneous tasks can be impaired.
  • Examples of effortful tasks include solving a math problem, controlling impulses, and making a left turn into traffic.

Driving and Skilled Activities

  • Skilled activities, like driving, can become automatic with practice.
  • In certain situations, like a skid, System 2 may be mobilized to respond differently than the natural instinct.

Agents and Thinking

  • Humans are naturally good at thinking about agents and forming impressions of their personalities.
  • We are not good at remembering abstract sentences or concepts.
  • System 1 is involved in automatic and intuitive thinking, while System 2 is involved in deliberate and effortful thinking.

Modes of Thinking

  • There are two modes of thinking: automatic and intuitive (System 1) and deliberate and effortful (System 2).
  • Automatic thinking can feel like something that happens to us, while deliberate thinking requires conscious effort.

Intuition and Expertise

  • Intuition is simply recognition based on past experience and learning.
  • Herbert Simon's definition of intuition emphasizes recognition.
  • Intuition can be developed through practice and exposure to regular patterns in the environment.
  • Experts can develop intuition in their field, but it depends on the level of regularity and feedback in the environment.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the two modes of thinking that we are familiar with and explore the concept of thinking patterns. This quiz delves into how judgments and impressions are formed in our minds when observing others.

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