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When a patient wakens prematurely from inhalant anesthesia administered from a modern agent specific vaporizer which of the following will increase delivery of inhalant anesthetic to the alveoli and return the patient to a stable plane of anesthesia?
When a patient wakens prematurely from inhalant anesthesia administered from a modern agent specific vaporizer which of the following will increase delivery of inhalant anesthetic to the alveoli and return the patient to a stable plane of anesthesia?
- Changing to a breathing circuit that allows more rebreathing of exhaled gas
- Increasing patient alveolar ventilation and increasing vaporizer output (correct)
- Opening the O2 flush valve to fill the breathing circuit and rebreathing bag
- Lowering the carrier gas fresh gas flow rate and closing the APL valve
An abstract of a manuscript reads “The respiratory effects of identical doses of xylazine in two groups of horses, one anesthetized with 1.0 MAC of Isoflurane and the other anesthetized with 1.0 MAC of Desflurane, was compared”. From reading this section of the manuscript you immediately know that…
An abstract of a manuscript reads “The respiratory effects of identical doses of xylazine in two groups of horses, one anesthetized with 1.0 MAC of Isoflurane and the other anesthetized with 1.0 MAC of Desflurane, was compared”. From reading this section of the manuscript you immediately know that…
- Both groups of horses were at the same vapor pressure of Des and Iso during the study
- The Des group of horses were at a greater depth of anesthesia
- The Iso group of horses were at a greater depth of anesthesia
- Both groups of horses were at the same anesthetic depth of Des and Iso during the study (correct)
Given the following table of Inhalant anesthetic properties
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg
Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg
Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg
Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg
Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Which of the inhalant anesthetics listed is the LEAST potent?
Given the following table of Inhalant anesthetic properties Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Which of the inhalant anesthetics listed is the LEAST potent?
- Cyclouranium
- Diethylpropane (correct)
- Inanethane
- Methoxyxenon
Given the following:
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg
Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg
Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg
Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg
Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
What vaporizer setting would likely be necessary to provide surgical anesthesia to a population of 100 collared peccaries administered no other drugs and using only Inanethane delivered from an Inanethane-specific vaporizer?
Given the following: Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
What vaporizer setting would likely be necessary to provide surgical anesthesia to a population of 100 collared peccaries administered no other drugs and using only Inanethane delivered from an Inanethane-specific vaporizer?
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg
Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg
Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg
Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg
Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Which of the following is true?
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Which of the following is true?
During recovery what causes inhalant anesthetics to move from the blood into the alveoli once the anesthetic vaporizer is turned off?
During recovery what causes inhalant anesthetics to move from the blood into the alveoli once the anesthetic vaporizer is turned off?
Recovery from inhalant anesthesia occurs when….
Recovery from inhalant anesthesia occurs when….
During the maintenance phase of inhalant anesthesia the partial pressure of anesthetic in the alveoli is equal to the partial pressure of anesthetic in the blood. Because of this during the maintenance phase…
During the maintenance phase of inhalant anesthesia the partial pressure of anesthetic in the alveoli is equal to the partial pressure of anesthetic in the blood. Because of this during the maintenance phase…
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg
Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg
Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg
Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg
Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Which anesthetic has the HIGHEST solubility in blood?
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Which anesthetic has the HIGHEST solubility in blood?
Which of the following circuits allow the anesthesia provider to change inspired concentration of inhalant anesthetics most rapidly?
Which of the following circuits allow the anesthesia provider to change inspired concentration of inhalant anesthetics most rapidly?
All other factors remaining equal a patient having a cardiac output of 1 L/min will change depth of anesthesia in response to a change in inspired concentration __________ compared with an identical patient having a cardiac output of 4 L/min.
All other factors remaining equal a patient having a cardiac output of 1 L/min will change depth of anesthesia in response to a change in inspired concentration __________ compared with an identical patient having a cardiac output of 4 L/min.
During which phase of inhalant anesthesia is the brain PP of anesthetic higher than the alveolar PP of anesthetic?
During which phase of inhalant anesthesia is the brain PP of anesthetic higher than the alveolar PP of anesthetic?
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg
Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg
Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg
Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg
Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Based solely upon the information in the table above which of the inhalant anesthetics would result in the fastest induction of anesthesia, fastest recovery from anesthesia and fastest changes in anesthetic depth in response to a 1.0 MAC change in inspired concentration?
Cyclouranium --> MAC 8.5, Blood:Gas PC 6.0, Vapor press 21mmHg Diethylpropane --> MAC 9.0, Blood:Gas PC 4.5, Vapor press 255mmHg Inanethane --> MAC 2.0, Blood:Gas PC 0.5, Vapor press 250mmHg Isoplutonium --> MAC 1.2, Blood:Gas PC 14.0, Vapor press 126mmHg Methoxyxenon --> MAC 3.0, Blood:Gas PC 2.4, Vapor press 925mmHg
Based solely upon the information in the table above which of the inhalant anesthetics would result in the fastest induction of anesthesia, fastest recovery from anesthesia and fastest changes in anesthetic depth in response to a 1.0 MAC change in inspired concentration?
During the induction phase of inhalant anesthesia which of the following will increase transfer of inhalant anesthetic from the breathing circuit to the alveoli?
During the induction phase of inhalant anesthesia which of the following will increase transfer of inhalant anesthetic from the breathing circuit to the alveoli?
Assuming solubility is the only consideration, which of the following is true if an inhalant anesthetic has a high solubility in blood?
Assuming solubility is the only consideration, which of the following is true if an inhalant anesthetic has a high solubility in blood?
Because the drug is MAC sparing you would expect that preanesthetic administration of the opioid drug methadone would allow you to use _______ vaporizer settings of sevoflurane compared to a patient who had not been premedicated.
Because the drug is MAC sparing you would expect that preanesthetic administration of the opioid drug methadone would allow you to use _______ vaporizer settings of sevoflurane compared to a patient who had not been premedicated.
Which of the following is true concerning the Vapor Pressure value of an inhalant anesthetic?
Which of the following is true concerning the Vapor Pressure value of an inhalant anesthetic?
What is the partial pressure of sevoflurane administered from a precision sevoflurane vaporizer located at a veterinary clinic in Tucson (Elevation = 2,300 ft, PATM = 700 mm Hg) when the vaporizer is set to 2%?
What is the partial pressure of sevoflurane administered from a precision sevoflurane vaporizer located at a veterinary clinic in Tucson (Elevation = 2,300 ft, PATM = 700 mm Hg) when the vaporizer is set to 2%?
An anesthetized dogs’ lung at sea level (760 mm hg) contains the following mixture of gases: Oxygen 90%, Isoflurane 2%, Carbon Dioxide 4% and Water Vapor 4%. What is the sum of the partial pressure of all gases within the lung?
An anesthetized dogs’ lung at sea level (760 mm hg) contains the following mixture of gases: Oxygen 90%, Isoflurane 2%, Carbon Dioxide 4% and Water Vapor 4%. What is the sum of the partial pressure of all gases within the lung?
An athletic patient having a resting cardiac output that is 3x higher than normal would be expected to induce into isoflurane anesthesia _______ rapidly compared to an identical patient having a normal cardiac output.
An athletic patient having a resting cardiac output that is 3x higher than normal would be expected to induce into isoflurane anesthesia _______ rapidly compared to an identical patient having a normal cardiac output.
Significant differences between isoflurane and sevoflurane include…
Significant differences between isoflurane and sevoflurane include…
The toxin Compound A is produced when which of the following inhalant anesthetics is administered in rebreathing circuits that use soda lime and low fresh gas flow rates?
The toxin Compound A is produced when which of the following inhalant anesthetics is administered in rebreathing circuits that use soda lime and low fresh gas flow rates?
Which of the following is false concerning the gaseous anesthetic N2O?
Which of the following is false concerning the gaseous anesthetic N2O?
Which of the following is false concerning the inhalant anesthetics?
Which of the following is false concerning the inhalant anesthetics?
Which of the following is true concerning administration of epidural opioids to canine patients?
Which of the following is true concerning administration of epidural opioids to canine patients?
IV administration of which of the following opioids is frequently associated with histamine release and resultant hypotension?
IV administration of which of the following opioids is frequently associated with histamine release and resultant hypotension?
Numerous studies have confirmed that the μ opioid receptor conveys the highest quality of analgesia when compared to other opioid receptors. Based upon this information which of the following is likely to provide the highest quality of analgesia?
Numerous studies have confirmed that the μ opioid receptor conveys the highest quality of analgesia when compared to other opioid receptors. Based upon this information which of the following is likely to provide the highest quality of analgesia?
Which of the following opioids would be expected to decrease the amount of sedation of a patient that had been administered an infusion of fentanyl?
Which of the following opioids would be expected to decrease the amount of sedation of a patient that had been administered an infusion of fentanyl?
Which of the following μ opioids is least likely to result in emesis following preoperative administration to a canine patient?
Which of the following μ opioids is least likely to result in emesis following preoperative administration to a canine patient?
Which of the following is false concerning the inhalant anesthetic Nitrous Oxide (N2O)?
Which of the following is false concerning the inhalant anesthetic Nitrous Oxide (N2O)?
Epidural administration of opioids provide analgesia by binding to opioid receptors that are located…?
Epidural administration of opioids provide analgesia by binding to opioid receptors that are located…?
Which of the following opioids are pure μ receptor agonists and would therefore provide the highest quality of analgesia?
Which of the following opioids are pure μ receptor agonists and would therefore provide the highest quality of analgesia?
Which of the following is a pure opioid antagonist having antagonist activity at the μ, δ and κ opioid receptors?
Which of the following is a pure opioid antagonist having antagonist activity at the μ, δ and κ opioid receptors?
Which of the following is a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist having agonist activity at the κ opioid receptor?
Which of the following is a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist having agonist activity at the κ opioid receptor?
Which of the following is true concerning opioids and the α-2 agonist drugs?
Which of the following is true concerning opioids and the α-2 agonist drugs?
Which of the following is true concerning epidural administration of opioids in dogs?
Which of the following is true concerning epidural administration of opioids in dogs?
A dog under a light plane of sevoflurane anesthesia is observed to have a profound decrease in mean arterial pressure following the administration of Morphine, 0.5 mg/kg as an IV bolus. What is the most likely reason for the decrease in arterial pressure?
A dog under a light plane of sevoflurane anesthesia is observed to have a profound decrease in mean arterial pressure following the administration of Morphine, 0.5 mg/kg as an IV bolus. What is the most likely reason for the decrease in arterial pressure?
Which of the following is false concerning epidural administration of opioids in dogs?
Which of the following is false concerning epidural administration of opioids in dogs?
Which of the following is true concerning the injectable anesthetic Alfaxan®?
Which of the following is true concerning the injectable anesthetic Alfaxan®?
Which of the following is true concerning the injectable anesthetic Telazol®?
Which of the following is true concerning the injectable anesthetic Telazol®?
Which of the following would be a poor choice for administration to a canine patient presenting in hypovolemic shock?
Which of the following would be a poor choice for administration to a canine patient presenting in hypovolemic shock?
What is the main difference between the available α2 agonist sedatives (xylazine, detomidine, dexmedetomidine and romifidine)?
What is the main difference between the available α2 agonist sedatives (xylazine, detomidine, dexmedetomidine and romifidine)?
All of the following would be an expected effect following administration of atropine or glycopyrrolate except?
All of the following would be an expected effect following administration of atropine or glycopyrrolate except?
Which of the following is true concerning atropine and glycopyrrolate?
Which of the following is true concerning atropine and glycopyrrolate?
When administered as the sole preanesthetic drug to canine patients, acepromazine….
When administered as the sole preanesthetic drug to canine patients, acepromazine….
The tranquilizer midazolam…..
The tranquilizer midazolam…..
The graph below depicts HR values from a group of dogs administered a preanesthetic drug. Baseline (pre drug) HR’s are recorded at time 0 and immediately after collecting the HR values the premedication drug was administered IV (arrow). Based upon your knowledge of preanesthetics, which preanesthetic drug was administered?
(chart shows HR dropping immediately after administration)
The graph below depicts HR values from a group of dogs administered a preanesthetic drug. Baseline (pre drug) HR’s are recorded at time 0 and immediately after collecting the HR values the premedication drug was administered IV (arrow). Based upon your knowledge of preanesthetics, which preanesthetic drug was administered?
(chart shows HR dropping immediately after administration)
Which of the following is false concerning the α-2 antagonist drugs?
Which of the following is false concerning the α-2 antagonist drugs?
What is primarily responsible for the rapid decline in drug brain concentrations following IV induction using ketamine?
What is primarily responsible for the rapid decline in drug brain concentrations following IV induction using ketamine?
You wish to induce anesthesia in a horse using a combination of xylazine and ketamine. After administration of xylazine IV to a horse you must….?
You wish to induce anesthesia in a horse using a combination of xylazine and ketamine. After administration of xylazine IV to a horse you must….?
Which of the following is a butyrophenone tranquilizer having similar pharmacology to phenothiazine tranquilizers?
Which of the following is a butyrophenone tranquilizer having similar pharmacology to phenothiazine tranquilizers?
The cyclohexamine anesthetic ketamine is always administered in conjunction with an α2 agonist or a benzodiazepine because
The cyclohexamine anesthetic ketamine is always administered in conjunction with an α2 agonist or a benzodiazepine because
The bradyarrhythmia pictured below is commonly associated with IV administration of which of the following? (VPCs-- p wave with no QRS)
The bradyarrhythmia pictured below is commonly associated with IV administration of which of the following? (VPCs-- p wave with no QRS)
The Alfaxalone anesthetic within Alfaxan® is delivered via the carrier molecule cyclodextran because. . .
The Alfaxalone anesthetic within Alfaxan® is delivered via the carrier molecule cyclodextran because. . .
Which of the following is false concerning the drug propofol?
Which of the following is false concerning the drug propofol?
Which of the following is the rationale for the inclusion of vantinoxan in the recently released combination drug Zenalpha®?
Which of the following is the rationale for the inclusion of vantinoxan in the recently released combination drug Zenalpha®?
Flashcards
What is MAC?
What is MAC?
The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is the partial pressure of an inhaled anesthetic in the alveoli that prevents movement in 50% of patients responding to a surgical stimulus. A lower MAC value means the anesthetic is more potent.
Explain how blood solubility affects anesthetic induction and recovery.
Explain how blood solubility affects anesthetic induction and recovery.
The rate at which an anesthetic reaches its target site and the speed of awakening after anesthesia are influenced by the anesthetic's solubility in blood.
What does vapor pressure mean for anesthetic delivery?
What does vapor pressure mean for anesthetic delivery?
A higher vapor pressure means a higher concentration of anesthetic vapor molecules in the air surrounding the liquid.
What are opioid receptors and how are they involved in analgesia?
What are opioid receptors and how are they involved in analgesia?
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How do inhalant anesthetics affect cardiac output?
How do inhalant anesthetics affect cardiac output?
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How can we manage a patient waking up too quickly from anesthesia?
How can we manage a patient waking up too quickly from anesthesia?
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What's the role of the anesthesia circuit?
What's the role of the anesthesia circuit?
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Which inhalant anesthetic is the least potent?
Which inhalant anesthetic is the least potent?
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What are vaporizers in anesthesia?
What are vaporizers in anesthesia?
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What factors influence the vaporizer setting?
What factors influence the vaporizer setting?
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Which inhalant anesthetic is the most potent?
Which inhalant anesthetic is the most potent?
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What is the most potent inhalant anesthetic?
What is the most potent inhalant anesthetic?
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How does epidural opioid administration achieve analgesia?
How does epidural opioid administration achieve analgesia?
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What happens to inhalant anesthetics during recovery?
What happens to inhalant anesthetics during recovery?
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What is Compound A and how is it produced?
What is Compound A and how is it produced?
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What is nitrous oxide and how is it used in anesthesia?
What is nitrous oxide and how is it used in anesthesia?
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Explain how blood solubility affects anesthetic induction and recovery.
Explain how blood solubility affects anesthetic induction and recovery.
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Why are α2 agonists and benzodiazepines used in anesthesia?
Why are α2 agonists and benzodiazepines used in anesthesia?
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Why are atropine and glycopyrrolate used in anesthesia?
Why are atropine and glycopyrrolate used in anesthesia?
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How does cardiac output affect anesthetic depth?
How does cardiac output affect anesthetic depth?
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How do inhalant anesthetics affect cardiac output?
How do inhalant anesthetics affect cardiac output?
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How do vaporizers ensure precise anesthetic delivery?
How do vaporizers ensure precise anesthetic delivery?
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What is the purpose of the breathing mixture?
What is the purpose of the breathing mixture?
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How does cardiac output impact anesthetic depth?
How does cardiac output impact anesthetic depth?
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How does cardiac output influence anesthetic depth?
How does cardiac output influence anesthetic depth?
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Study Notes
Inhalant Anesthesia
- When a patient wakes up prematurely from inhalant anesthesia, increasing the delivery of inhalant anesthetic to the alveoli can return them to a stable plane of anesthesia.
- During recovery, the anesthetic vaporizer is turned off, causing the inhalant anesthetic to move from the blood into the alveoli.
Properties of Inhalant Anesthetics
- The potency of an inhalant anesthetic is inversely proportional to its MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) value.
- The LEAST potent inhalant anesthetic is Diethylpropane with a MAC of 9.0.
- Isoplutonium is the most potent inhalant anesthetic with a MAC of 1.2.
Pharmacokinetics of Inhalant Anesthetics
- The rate of induction and recovery from anesthesia is influenced by the solubility of the anesthetic in blood and tissues.
- An anesthetic with high solubility in blood will result in slower induction and recovery.
- Inanethane has a low solubility in blood, making it suitable for rapid induction and recovery.
Vapor Pressure and Vaporizers
- Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid phase.
- Vaporizers deliver a precise concentration of anesthetic vapor.
- The vaporizer setting required for surgical anesthesia depends on the anesthetic's MAC value and the patient's cardiac output.
Anesthesia Circuits and Breathing Systems
- The anesthesia circuit allows the anesthesia provider to change the inspired concentration of inhalant anesthetics rapidly.
- Allowing the patient to breathe in a mixture of oxygen, anesthetic, and air helps to facilitate the uptake of the anesthetic.
Cardiovascular Effects of Inhalant Anesthetics
- Inhalant anesthetics can cause cardiac output to decrease, leading to a slower response to changes in inspired concentration.
- Patients with a higher cardiac output will experience faster changes in anesthetic depth in response to changes in inspired concentration.
Opioids and Analgesia
- Opioids bind to μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors to produce analgesia.
- The μ opioid receptor conveys the highest quality of analgesia.
- Epidural administration of opioids provides analgesia by binding to opioid receptors in the spinal cord.
Other Topics in Anesthesia
- The toxin Compound A is produced when sevoflurane is administered in rebreathing circuits that use soda lime and low fresh gas flow rates.
- N2O is a gaseous anesthetic that can be used as a carrier gas for other anesthetics.
- α2 agonists and benzodiazepines are often used as preanesthetics to reduce anxiety and provide sedation.
- Atropine and glycopyrrolate are anticholinergics used to reduce salivation and bronchial secretions.
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Test your knowledge on increasing delivery of inhalant anesthetic to the alveoli and stabilizing the patient's plane of anesthesia when awakening prematurely from modern agent specific vaporizer administration.
