Untitled

• Before 1900, infectious diseases like polio, measles, and smallpox were primary causes of death.
• After the 1900s, advancements in vaccines, treatments, and healthcare targeted infectious diseases.
• Currently, chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer are the dominant health concerns.
• Lifespan has increased, and infant mortality has decreased.
• Major causes of death now include heart disease, cancer, accidents, and stroke, often preventable through behavior changes.
• Behaviors contributing to these deaths/diseases include poor diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, inactivity, and exposure to toxins.

Health in America

• America faces challenges with obesity, failure to meet physical activity guidelines, poor fruit and vegetable consumption, smoking, and binge drinking.
• Healthcare is shifting towards treatment rather than prevention.
• The health promotion era began around 1974.
• The Surgeon General's report on health promotion includes initiatives like the Office of Disease Prevention and Healthy People.
• Healthy People 2030 aims to improve quality of life (QOL), reduce health disparity, protect health, and create healthier environments for the US population.

Health Educator vs. Health Promotion

• Health educators use evidence-based practices and theories to offer opportunities for acquiring health-related knowledge, attitudes, and skills.
• Health promotion has a broader view, combining education with politics, environmental factors, and regulatory mechanisms to support health actions.

Worksite Wellness & Hospitals

• Worksite wellness programs employ health educators, coaches, wellness program coordinators, and account managers.
• Hospitals employ behavioral health coordinators, consultants, managers, and directors.

Levels of Prevention

• Primary prevention maintains health in healthy populations.
• Secondary prevention addresses symptoms or risks of disease.
• Tertiary prevention manages significant disease or illness impairment.
• Health promotion has limitations, and there is an assumption that health status and behaviors can change.

Chapter 2: Planning Process

• The community toolbox is a step-by-step resource for planning healthier communities, with tips and tools for planning and action.

Planning Process

• Planning is a multi-step process with plans to engage in process to achieve an end goal.
• Planning sometimes requires obvious steps but programs often need to be reworked.
• Planners usually needs support from key people/decision makers

Preplanning

• Identify and engage partners, determining partner selection and approach
• Identify and secure resources, including budget, external funds, and community resources.

Step 1 of Planning

• Create a rationale to gain support from decision makers.
• Decision makers are individuals who provide necessary resources and support.
• Resources include money for staff, supplies, etc.
• Support involves policies, values, and decision-making authority.
• Top-down approach involves program push from the boss or decision-maker.
• Bottom-up approach involves push from the community and needs an organization.

Creating a Program Rational

• Steps include identifying appropriate background info.
• Start broad, then narrow focus to a question
• Express the needs of a population.
• It describes the current status of health problems.
• Provide evidence and want to express urgency

Data Resources

• CDC: National level information/data

• City Health Dashboard: City-level data, comprehensive from cities of the US.

• Our World in Data: Global data to compare across countries and assess global issues.

• County Health Rankings: ranks all the counties in the US based on health factors.

• Healthy People 2030 provides goals and aims for US health and target improvements for the next decade of US health

• Literature Searches: Peer-reviewed articles with data and studies

• Quality of Evidence: Meta-analysis, systematic reviews, and critical appraisals are the highest quality

• Quality of Evidence: Controlled trials are middle-quality

• Quality of Evidence: Case studies, cohorts, and background info are listed as the lowest quality

• Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA): the benefit received from dollars invested in program

• Return on Investment (ROI): Ratio of costs to financial return

• Title Guidelines: be simple, descriptive, and persuasive.

• Content Guidelines: Make the problem relevant to the audience, identify its significance, and propose a solution with reasons for its success.

Citing References

• Cite all references accurately using APA format
• Background info: start broad and narrow, apply to the population, provide accurate evidence, and describe the status of current issues with health
• Writing Content: identify significance and propose solutions and why it will work

Sources

• Include CDC, Healthy People 2030, County Health Rankings, Our World in Data, City Dashboard, and Literature Searches

• Partnering: pair with other entities to work on the project.

Chapter 3: Program Planning Models

• These Models provide organization and a frame work.

Generalized Model Steps

• Assessing needs
• Setting goals
• Developing interventions
• implementing
• Evaluating results

Assessing Needs

• Collect and analyze data to determine the health needs of a population from the population's perspective.
• Setting goals: Determine what steps the community wants to accomplish

Developing Intentions

• Look into how these goals will be accomplished
• Put the intervention/program into action
• Evaluate results and look at results to see effectiveness or how to improve quality of program
• Look at Formation evaluation and determine what results you want

Choosing a Model

• Fluidity: steps should build on one another
• Flexibility: adapt to needs of stakeholders
• Functionality: make sure the outcome is improving health

Precede Proceed Model Definition

• Precede is looking at predisposing reinforcing and enabling factors in educational, ecological, and evaluation
• 4 assessment focuses on understanding the why behind a health issue

The First Four Phases of the Model

• Phase 1: Social assessment/situational assessment: identify QOL issues.
• Phase 2: Epidemiological assessment: Identifies specific health problems and their causes.
• Phase 3: Education and ecological assessment: the factors that can help change knowledge and skills
• Phase 4: Administrative and policy assessment: intervention alignment and determine the policies and resources to help support it.

The Second Part of the Model

• Proceed: looks at the policy, regulations, organizational aspects in education and the environment.
• Put the plan into action by developing strategies, policies, and activities that will address identified issues

Phases of Proceed

• Phase 5: Implementation: putting the plan into action
• Phase 6: Process: checking if a program is going correctly
• Phase 7: Impact: measure changes
• Phase 8: Outcome Evaluation: assess long term outcomes and QOL

First Phase of Precede

• Determine the situational and social analysis
• Seek to define Quality of Life
• Assess what is the need, and what is the desired result
• Interview priority population with self-assessment.
• Assess social indicators of QOL, such as happiness, achievement, self efficacy, etc.

Second Phase of Precede

• Identify the epidemiological assessment
• Data is used to identify a problem, including genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors
• This phase identify and plan a program
• A prioritization matrix can help find important factors that can be changed

Third phase of Precede

• Educational and ecological assessment
• Identifies factors to influence behavior or change the environment
• Predisposing: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions
• Enabling: barriers created in society like unavailability
• Reinforcing: feedback and rewards after behavior changes and incentives

Phase Four of Precede

• Match the intervention with projected changes
• Determine there are resources for the program

Phase Five of Proceed

• Implementing plans and intervention begins

Phase Six, Seven, and Eight of Proceed

• Phase 6: Process eval: Measurements of implementation to control and improve the quality of the program
• Phase 7: Impact evaluation: immediate effect of the program
• Phase 8: Long-term effects

SWOT Acronym

• Acronym stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
• This Model is a method of business and strategic assessment that is used of internal weakness, while simultaneously looking at external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and weaknesses.
• Commonly uses a 2x2 Matrix and list strengths and weaknesses along the horizontal axis, and opportunities on the vertical

SWOT Breakdown

• Strengths: what a business does well, or advantages it has over others.
• Weaknesses: Areas where the business may be lacking or things that need improvements
• Opportunities: External factors that a businesses can take advantages
• Threats: Risks and challenges that can have an impact on the business

Chapter 4: Needs Assessment

• Process of analyzing the needs of a population, which is a crucial step in planning

• Find appropiate planning resources

• Needs assessment helps in. . .

• Finding the priority population while finding priority population needs.

• Identify and determine determinants

• Find subgroups in populations for the needs of most people. Then locate the resources

Primary Data Collection

• To collect own data that is unique to the specific needs assessment
• Advantages: directly answers questions
• Disadvantages: expensive and time intensive
• Written surveys
• Pros: Low cost minimal time and wide reach
• Cons: Low response rate, and isn't usually accurate
• Face to face interviews
• Pros: High response rate, in-depth data
• Cons: Expensive, interviewer bias, time consuming
• Telephone interviews
• Pros: Moderate costs, easy, wide reach
• Cons: Not representative, interviewer bias
• Electronic interviews
• Pros: low cost, easy
• Cons: lack autonomy
• Group interviews
• Pros: high response rate, efficient
• Cons: Data can be influenced by dominant groups
• Delphi technique
• Pros: Span overtime, equal representation, pooled responses
• Cons: High-cost time commitment, reduced clarification, opportunity
• Community forum or Town hall
• Pros: Straight forward, inexpensive, voluntary participation
• Cons: Attendance usually low, data analysis is time consuming.
• Meetings
• Pros: Low cost, flexible, good for formulating evaluation
• Cons: Results bias

Nominal Groups

• Pros: Direct involvement of participating groups and is interactive
• Cons: Time intensive

Self Assements

• Pros: Has no interviewer bias, convenient, and easy
• Cons: Possible low response rates, self selection,

Secondary Data Collection

• Finding other people's data on the internet
• Other material is use as a source, that is collected by someone else
• Advantages: Already exists and inexpensive
• Disadvantages: Might not identify the true needs of the population
• Cross Sectional Survey
• Taking data at a point of time, and is just data of today, and is usually self reported
• Data can be over the phone, electronic and face to face
• Might not reflect typical stuff, and isn't getting long term effects

How to Minizime Bias

• Measurements have been validated
• Quality control
• Collecting and analysing the primary data
• Generate the overall consipous