مقدمة في الراديو والتلفزيون

Introduction to Radio and Television

• Radio's invention was linked to cultural, military, and ideological contexts in the early 20th century, particularly in the USA, UK, and France.
• It was initially called "Telegraph Wireless The," then "Wireless The".
• Radio is a device that transmits sound to large audiences in distant locations without wires.

Emergence of Radio

• The term "Radio" was formalized by the French in 1897, referring to wireless sound transmission.
• The term "Radio" became popular in 1907, as used by engineer Lee De Forest in an article.
• "Broadcasting" originated from an agricultural term referring to spreading seeds.

Precursors to Radio

• Pinpointing a single inventor of radio is challenging due to various individuals' earlier attempts.
• E. David Hughes (1878) attempted wireless sound transmission but failed.
• Heinrich Hertz (1888) produced and measured high-power radio waves, paving the way for radio.
• Marconni's (1897) development of wireless telegraphy (telegraph wireless The) allowed sound transmission between England and Canada (1900).

Key Inventors and Developments

• Lee De Forest (1906) conducted experiments on wireless telephony, enabling message transmission to multiple listeners.
• Roberto Moura De Landell (1917) developed transmitter wave systems that impacted broadcasting.

Formal and Commercial Radio Broadcasting

• Formal radio broadcasting began in the USA in November 1920 by Westinghouse.
• The era (1923-1926) witnessed a transition to commercialized broadcasting, fostering funding and distinct programming formats.
• Radio station numbers increased from 18 in 1920 to 450 in 1926.
• Home receiver numbers also rose dramatically from one million in 1920 to 28 million in 1926.

Radio during World War II

• Radio played a significant role in propaganda and psychological warfare.
• Short waves were used to transmit to different geographical locations.
• Radio became a tool for political propaganda in the hands of Nazi Germany's Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels.

Radio's Global Expansion

• The development of the vacuum tube reduced interference and improved sound quality.
• Radio was used for diverse purposes including emergency communications, military intelligence and tracking targets.
• By the 1950s and 1960s, radio stations and receivers increased considerably.

Organizing Radio Stations

• Initially, radio was used for communication and social purposes before becoming commercialized by advertisers.
• In the US, radio networks (like NBC, and CBS) emerged, comprising multiple stations. Various organizations (like FRC and the FCC) regulated radio operations, leading to formal regulation, licensing, and broadcasting standards.

Radio Technology and Modulation

• Amplitude Modulation (AM) was the initial radio transmission method.
• Frequency Modulation (FM) emerged which improved sound quality and was prominent in transmitting music.
• Modulator /Demodulator played a role in altering and recovering the carrier waves used in radio signal transmission
• Analog modulation as well as digital modulation were prominent techniques

Radio's Impact Throughout History

• Radio's impact throughout history highlights its evolving role.
• Early uses included emergency communications, tracking ships, military intelligence, and diplomacy.
• More recent uses include news dissemination, cultural exchange, and specialized programming.
• Various international and domestic radio stations were established since the 1930s.

Television Origins and Developments

• Early television was initially mechanical rather than electronic.
• Inventors included: Frederick Warner, Hollis Bird, Philo Farnsworth, Karl Braun, Boris Rosing, and Vladimir Zworykin.
• Significant periods of television development involved transitions to electronic systems, wider use after World War II, and subsequent adoption of color television and remote control.

Television Technology and Types

• Television formats evolved from mechanical to electronic, and then to color.
• More recent innovations include high-definition television (HDTV), and ultra-high definition television (UHD).

Television's Role in Society

• Television's role in society, including its potential as a tool to spread knowledge and beliefs, was explored.
• Television became a global form of communication and played a role in political and cultural events, including influencing public opinion and shaping public discourse.
• Media outlets such as CNN emerged in the era of the growth of televised media

Television Organization

• Television's organizational structures, including ownership models and regulatory frameworks, were explored.
• The evolution of ownership models varied between nations, from government-controlled to privately owned. Different governing bodies regulated television operations and standards.

Television Programming Formats

• Television programming formats (including talk shows, documentaries, news, and dramas) were analysed according to their historical development and societal impact.
• The influence of broadcasting, content creation and different approaches to public communication were explored throughout history.

Television Production and Broadcasting

• The process of television production (planning, scriptwriting, shooting, and editing) was detailed. The development of programs, including the roles of different employees and the steps to create the product. Production and programming of television, as seen by different people was noted.
• The analysis of the factors that affect success in program making, including the themes of the programming, the presenters and guests involved were detailed.

Television’s Impact and Influence

• The potential impacts on viewers in terms of knowledge, beliefs, and behavior, including negative effects such as the potential to promote violence or inappropriate cultural norms were discussed. Different aspects of the impact of television were noted.
• The role of television in political and cultural events, including its potential as a tool for social mobilization and its effect on different aspects of the audience were noted.