مقدمة في البنوك

Introduction to Banking

• Commercial Banks' Function: Primarily accept current and savings deposits from individuals, businesses, and governments, then reinvest these funds for profit.
• Commercial Bank Characteristics:
  • Accept various deposits (current, savings, time deposits, and certificates of deposit), offering diverse investment options.
  • Serve all sectors and individuals, not limited to specific groups.
  • Provide short, medium, and long-term loans, creating diverse borrowing opportunities.

Banking Origins

• Early Banking: Historically linked to money changers, who safeguarded merchant funds, issuing receipts (early forms of deposits).
• Evolution of Services: Money changers later started lending these funds (early form of lending), and eventually, the receipts themselves became a form of currency due to their ability to be exchanged for gold.

Specialized Banks

• Industrial Bank: Focuses on funding and developing industrial projects, participating in capital investments. Resources come from equity, reserves, central bank loans, and international institutions' deposits/loans.
• Industrial Bank Functions:
  • Provides loans/credit facilities to new or expanding industrial enterprises.
  • Participates in the capital of industrial projects and helps establish industrial companies.
  • Assesses industrial projects, prepares feasibility studies, and handles establishment/subscription processes for industrial ventures.
  • Issues letters of credit for import/export transactions, and various guarantees.
  • Offers consultancy to the private, mixed, and cooperative industrial sectors.
• Agricultural Bank: Offers banking services specifically for the agricultural sector.
• Agricultural Bank's Goals:
  • Provides loans (cash and in-kind) to agricultural cooperatives and state farms, accepts deposits, and performs administrative tasks.
  • Facilitates land and real estate transactions.
  • Participates in establishing agricultural ventures and companies.
  • Offers farmers cash loans for living expenses and agricultural operations, secured by assets including land, buildings, and personal guarantees.
• Real Estate Banks: Specialize in real estate lending.
• Real Estate Banks Activities: Funds construction and housing projects by providing loans to housing societies, and helps establish construction companies.
• Funding Sources: Their activities rely on capital and long-term loans from central banks and bonds. The repayment of long-term loans is linked to project progress.

Banking Activities

• Marketing Activities
• Direct Banking Operations
• Credit Operations
• Human Resource Management
• Banking Accounting

Specialized Banking Activities (Housing)

• Housing Loans: Provides loans for building and purchasing residential property.
• Cooperative Housing Loans: Funds cooperatives for building members' housing.
• Industrial Project Housing: Finances worker housing associated with industrial projects.

Islamic Banks

• Islamic Banking Principles: Operates with Islamic Sharia principles, balancing individual and communal interests.
• Structure: Follows corporate laws, integrates feasibility and operations research and public relations, seeks legitimate profit, and avoids interest-based transactions (riba).
• Philosophical Approach: Aims for spiritual values, considers holistic development, avoids all forms of prohibited transactions, and invests funds for societal benefit through Sharia-compliant procedures.

Investment Banks

• Investment Bank Sections:
  • Company formation: Conducts initial public offerings (IPOs) of company shares and bonds.
  • Investment and Hedging: Engages in speculation with bank funds and clients' funds through investment portfolios. Involved in stocks, bonds, and commodities.
  • Financial Consultation: Offers investment advice concerning future trends in assets, commodities, and stocks.
  • Financial Supervision: Oversees financial operations.

Electronic Banking

• Electronic Money, Payments: A system using digital forms of currency.
• Magnetic Cards: Pre-paid electronic payment cards useful in traditional retail settings.
• Electronic Payment Cards (Types): Credit cards (linked to current accounts), debit cards (value deducted from account).
• Smart Cards: Embedded computer chips.
• Electronic Documents: Digital counterparts to paper documents (e.g., checks).
• Smartcards: Contain microchips, securely store funds, and are compatible with computers.
• Electronic Financial Tools: Features secure and verified digital transactions.

Electronic Banking Success Factors

• Strategies: Banks should develop strategies for incorporating electronic banking.
• Standardization: Adopt standardized systems for cross-institution interoperability.
• Training: Train personnel to utilize electronic banking procedures effectively.

Bank Cards' Features

• Portable Computers
• Data storage
• Financial Value
• Anti-fraud Measures
• Minimized Errors

Bank Functions

• Deposit Collection
• Resource Management
• Loan Provision
• Investment
• Money Creation and Credit

Electronic Payment Methods

• Electronic payment methods: A collection of electronic tools that enables digital transactions between parties, including bank cards, electronic money, electronic checks, and smart cards.

هذا الاختبار يقدم نظرة شاملة على الوظائف الأساسية للبنوك التجارية وتطورها عبر التاريخ. يتناول موضوعات مثل خصائص البنوك التجارية والبنوك المتخصصة وتأثيرها على الاقتصاد. استعد للتعرف على كيفية عمل البنوك ودورها في توظيف الأموال.