39 Questions
What is the role of nurses in the care of patients with structural, infectious, and inflammatory cardiac conditions?
Administering medication therapy
Which valves separate the atria from the ventricles in the heart?
Tricuspid valve
What anchors valve leaflets to papillary muscles of the ventricles?
Chordae tendineae
What can alter cardiac output in the heart?
Infectious diseases
What do noninvasive treatments for heart disorders often consist of?
Medication therapy
What is the result of the increased resistance through the narrowed mitral valve orifice?
Decreased blood flow into the left ventricle
What is the consequence of left atrial hypertrophy and dilation over time?
Reduced ventricular filling
What happens when a stenotic mitral valve fails to protect pulmonary veins from backward flow of blood?
Congestion of the pulmonary circulation
How does an increased heart rate affect cardiac output?
Decreases cardiac output
What happens to the right ventricle over time as a result of contracting against high pulmonary arterial pressure?
It enlarges and eventually fails
What is the condition called when valves do not close completely?
Regurgitation
Which valve disorder may involve stretching of the valve leaflet into the atrium during systole?
Mitral valve prolapse
What is the term for a condition where valves do not open completely?
Stenosis
Which valve disorders cause more symptoms, require treatment, and lead to more complications?
Mitral and aortic valve disorders
In what percentage of the general population does mitral valve prolapse occur?
2.5%
What compensatory mechanism does the left ventricle use to overcome the obstruction caused by aortic stenosis?
Contracting more slowly and more forcibly
What is the first symptom that often appears in patients with aortic stenosis?
Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
What may occur over time in patients with aortic stenosis, causing orthopnea, PND, and pulmonary edema?
Left ventricular failure
What causes angina pectoris in patients with aortic stenosis?
Increased time in diastole
What blood pressure characteristic is usually observed in patients with aortic stenosis?
Low pulse pressure
During which phase does a portion of one or both mitral valve leaflets balloon back into the atrium?
Systole
What can happen if the leaflet stretches to the point that the valve does not remain closed during systole?
Mitral regurgitation
What is the result of mitral regurgitation caused by mitral valve prolapse?
Left atrial enlargement
What may elongate or rupture in individuals with mitral valve prolapse?
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
What is the potential consequence of mitral valve prolapse?
Heart failure
What can result in acute mitral regurgitation according to the text?
Infective endocarditis causing leaflet scarring
Which part of the mitral valve may be stretched by heart enlargement, resulting in functional mitral regurgitation?
Annulus
What changes in the left ventricle can result in mitral regurgitation?
All of the above
What is referred to as ischemic mitral regurgitation according to the text?
Papillary muscle contractility impairment
What condition may cause retraction of leaflets or chordae tendineae according to the text?
Infective endocarditis
What is the recommended course of action for patients with severe mitral stenosis?
Undergo surgical intervention such as valvuloplasty
What is the main cause of aortic regurgitation?
Congenital valve abnormality or inflammation
How does the left ventricle respond to aortic regurgitation over time?
It dilates to accommodate increased blood volume
What is the effect of aortic regurgitation on systolic blood pressure?
It increases due to hypertrophy of the left ventricle
Which surgical intervention is typically performed for severe mitral stenosis?
Commissurotomy to open the fused commissure of the valve
What increases the heart rate in patients with severe mitral stenosis?
Competitive sports
What happens to the left ventricle during diastole in aortic regurgitation?
Blood flows back into the left ventricle from the aorta
What can cause chronic or acute aortic regurgitation?
Rheumatic endocarditis or syphilis infections
What is the site where the valve leaflets meet in mitral stenosis?
Fused commissure of the valve
Learn about the pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse, including the associated inherited connective tissue disorders, enlargement of mitral valve leaflets, annulus dilation, and the ballooning of leaflets into the atrium during systole.
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