Mitral Valve Disease Overview
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes acquired heart defects from congenital ones?

  • Acquired heart defects occur after birth due to heart disease. (correct)
  • Acquired defects are more common than congenital defects.
  • Congenital heart defects are caused by damage to the valvular apparatus.
  • Congenital defects are related to endocarditis.

    • Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of acquired heart defects?

  • Rheumatism
  • Bacterial endocarditis
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Genetic predisposition (correct)

    • What can occur when the valve cusps are destroyed due to ulcerative endocarditis in acquired heart defects?

  • Hemodynamic disturbances
  • Chronic heart disease
  • Acute heart disease (correct)
  • Congenital heart disease

    • What do sclerotic changes in the valvular apparatus lead to in acquired heart defects?

    <p>Valve insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a heart defect involves both valve insufficiency and stenosis, what is it referred to as?

    <p>Combined heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hemodynamic disturbances contribute to the progression of acquired heart defects?

    <p>They prompt sclerotic deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant cause of mitral valve disease mentioned in the text?

    <p>Rheumatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mitral valve defect is more common, based on the text?

    <p>Mitral valve insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of mitral valve insufficiency according to the text?

    <p>Expansion of the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the appearance of a narrowed mitral valve opening in mitral stenosis?

    <p>A fish mouth appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can develop due to hypertension in the small circulation associated with mitral stenosis?

    <p>Right ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is mentioned as the second most frequent after mitral valve disease?

    <p>Aortic valve disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change is primarily seen in aortic valve disease due to rheumatism?

    <p>Calcification and sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of aortic valve insufficiency on the heart, as per the text?

    <p>Compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of defects are rarely acquired on the basis of rheumatism, syphilis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis?

    <p>Pulmonary valve defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes decompensated heart disease from compensated heart disease according to the text?

    <p>Presence of circulatory disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of concentric myocardial hypertrophy in the heart?

    <p>Dystrophic changes in the myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of decompensated heart disease?

    <p>Disorder of cardiac activity leading to cardiovascular insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cardiovascular insufficiency in patients with heart disease?

    <p>Chronic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children die from congenital heart defects in the perinatal period?

    <p>3-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary etiological factor in the development of congenital heart defects?

    <p>Gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period of intrauterine development does the damaging agent affect the embryo to cause congenital heart defects?

    <p>3rd to 11th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of congenital heart defects in children less than 3 months old?

    <p>True hyperplasia of cardiomyocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of compensatory restructuring of the vascular bed of the hypertrophied heart?

    <p>Increase in intramural vessels, arteriovenous anastomoses, and the smallest veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of congenital heart defects in children?

    <p>Retardation of general physical development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of septal defect is associated with the development of a three-chambered heart?

    <p>Complete absence of atrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the hypoxia in blue type heart defects?

    <p>Decreased blood flow in the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of blood flow in a ventricular septal defect?

    <p>Left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of septal defect is associated with the expansion of the trunk and branches of the pulmonary artery?

    <p>Atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of defect is often combined with a defect of the interventricular partition?

    <p>Common arterial trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hypoxia in white type heart defects?

    <p>Decreased blood flow in the systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect?

    <p>Upper connective tissue (membranous) part of the septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart defect is characterized by a common arterial trunk originating from both ventricles?

    <p>Common arterial trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of septal defect is associated with the development of hypertrophy of the right ventricle?

    <p>Atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of a defect in the primary atrial septum?

    <p>Above the valves of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the arterial blood entering the systemic circulation in case of complete transposition of the pulmonary artery and aorta?

    <p>A defect in the closure of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of the pentad of Fallot?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect, narrowing of the pulmonary artery, aortic dextroposition and hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart, and atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of arterial blood entering the lungs in case of stenosis and atresia of the aorta?

    <p>The expanding bronchial arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of the development of collateral circulation in case of non-closure of the arterial (ductus Botalli) duct?

    <p>The expansion of intercostal arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the features of the triad of Fallot?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis and, as a consequence, hypertrophy of the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the features of the tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis, aortic dextroposition and hypertrophy of the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of arterial blood entering the lungs in case of significant narrowing of the pulmonary artery?

    <p>The arterial (ductus Botalli) duct and expanding bronchial arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary features of ventricular septal defect with stenosis of the left atrioventricular orifice (Lutembacher's disease)?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect, stenosis of the left atrioventricular orifice, and hypertrophy of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary features of a branch of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk (Bland-White-Garland syndrome)?

    <p>A branch of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk and hypertrophy of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary features of primary pulmonary hypertension (Aerz's disease)?

    <p>Depending on the hypertrophy of the muscular layer of the vessels of the lung (small arteries, veins and venules) and hypertrophy of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

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