45 Questions
What distinguishes acquired heart defects from congenital ones?
Acquired heart defects occur after birth due to heart disease.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of acquired heart defects?
Genetic predisposition
What can occur when the valve cusps are destroyed due to ulcerative endocarditis in acquired heart defects?
Acute heart disease
What do sclerotic changes in the valvular apparatus lead to in acquired heart defects?
Valve insufficiency
If a heart defect involves both valve insufficiency and stenosis, what is it referred to as?
Combined heart disease
How do hemodynamic disturbances contribute to the progression of acquired heart defects?
They prompt sclerotic deformities
What is the predominant cause of mitral valve disease mentioned in the text?
Rheumatism
Which type of mitral valve defect is more common, based on the text?
Mitral valve insufficiency
What is a possible consequence of mitral valve insufficiency according to the text?
Expansion of the left atrium
What distinguishes the appearance of a narrowed mitral valve opening in mitral stenosis?
A fish mouth appearance
What condition can develop due to hypertension in the small circulation associated with mitral stenosis?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
What disease is mentioned as the second most frequent after mitral valve disease?
Aortic valve disease
What type of change is primarily seen in aortic valve disease due to rheumatism?
Calcification and sclerosis
What is the result of aortic valve insufficiency on the heart, as per the text?
Compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle
Which type of defects are rarely acquired on the basis of rheumatism, syphilis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis?
Pulmonary valve defects
What distinguishes decompensated heart disease from compensated heart disease according to the text?
Presence of circulatory disorders
What is the primary outcome of concentric myocardial hypertrophy in the heart?
Dystrophic changes in the myocardium
What is the characteristic feature of decompensated heart disease?
Disorder of cardiac activity leading to cardiovascular insufficiency
What is the primary cause of cardiovascular insufficiency in patients with heart disease?
Chronic heart disease
What percentage of children die from congenital heart defects in the perinatal period?
3-8%
What is the primary etiological factor in the development of congenital heart defects?
Gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations
During which period of intrauterine development does the damaging agent affect the embryo to cause congenital heart defects?
3rd to 11th week
What is a characteristic feature of congenital heart defects in children less than 3 months old?
True hyperplasia of cardiomyocytes
What is the outcome of compensatory restructuring of the vascular bed of the hypertrophied heart?
Increase in intramural vessels, arteriovenous anastomoses, and the smallest veins
What is the primary consequence of congenital heart defects in children?
Retardation of general physical development
Which type of septal defect is associated with the development of a three-chambered heart?
Complete absence of atrial septum
What causes the hypoxia in blue type heart defects?
Decreased blood flow in the pulmonary circulation
What is the direction of blood flow in a ventricular septal defect?
Left to right
Which type of septal defect is associated with the expansion of the trunk and branches of the pulmonary artery?
Atrial septal defect
Which type of defect is often combined with a defect of the interventricular partition?
Common arterial trunk
What is the cause of hypoxia in white type heart defects?
Decreased blood flow in the systemic circulation
What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect?
Upper connective tissue (membranous) part of the septum
Which type of heart defect is characterized by a common arterial trunk originating from both ventricles?
Common arterial trunk
Which type of septal defect is associated with the development of hypertrophy of the right ventricle?
Atrial septal defect
What is the location of a defect in the primary atrial septum?
Above the valves of the ventricles
What is the primary cause of the arterial blood entering the systemic circulation in case of complete transposition of the pulmonary artery and aorta?
A defect in the closure of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
What are the signs of the pentad of Fallot?
Ventricular septal defect, narrowing of the pulmonary artery, aortic dextroposition and hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart, and atrial septal defect
What is the primary cause of arterial blood entering the lungs in case of stenosis and atresia of the aorta?
The expanding bronchial arteries
What is the primary cause of the development of collateral circulation in case of non-closure of the arterial (ductus Botalli) duct?
The expansion of intercostal arteries
What are the features of the triad of Fallot?
Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis and, as a consequence, hypertrophy of the right ventricle
What are the features of the tetralogy of Fallot?
Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis, aortic dextroposition and hypertrophy of the right ventricle
What is the primary cause of arterial blood entering the lungs in case of significant narrowing of the pulmonary artery?
The arterial (ductus Botalli) duct and expanding bronchial arteries
What are the primary features of ventricular septal defect with stenosis of the left atrioventricular orifice (Lutembacher's disease)?
Ventricular septal defect, stenosis of the left atrioventricular orifice, and hypertrophy of the left ventricle
What are the primary features of a branch of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk (Bland-White-Garland syndrome)?
A branch of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk and hypertrophy of the left ventricle
What are the primary features of primary pulmonary hypertension (Aerz's disease)?
Depending on the hypertrophy of the muscular layer of the vessels of the lung (small arteries, veins and venules) and hypertrophy of the left ventricle
Learn about mitral valve disease, including the development, types such as insufficiency and stenosis, and their combinations. Understand the progression and complications associated with this condition.
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