Life Sciences P2 June Exam (Hard)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Golgi apparatus

    • What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

  • Enzyme synthesis
  • Energy production within the cell (correct)
  • Structural support for the cell
  • Regulating gene expression

    • What are chromosomes primarily made of in eukaryotic cells?

  • DNA and proteins called histones (correct)
  • Carbohydrates and amino acids
  • RNA and lipids
  • Enzymes and vitamins

    • In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enabling photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what is a significant factor that necessitates careful consideration in its application?

    <p>Accessibility due to costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes RNA structurally different from DNA?

    <p>Containing uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule plays a critical role in facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>In a 5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding DNA replication according to the provided text?

    <p>Maintaining genetic integrity between generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where does the process take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>It ensures accurate copying of DNA during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication primarily associated with?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon complementary to a codon on mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, where does crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between chromatids, occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chromosomal condensation during meiosis?

    <p>Allows for the formation of bivalents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does mRNA exit after detaching from DNA during transcription?

    <p>Nucleoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures that amino acids are added in the proper sequence dictated by the mRNA during translation?

    <p>tRNA binding to mRNA at the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic variability among produced gametes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Law of Dominance, what trait will an individual heterozygous for a particular characteristic exhibit?

    <p>Dominant trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic outcome of Meiosis I in terms of chromosome number compared to the parent cell?

    <p>Halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the formation of four genetically different daughter cells from one parent cell?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of meiosis in terms of genetic variation?

    <p>To introduce genetic diversity through crossing over and random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does non-disjunction during meiosis lead to Down Syndrome?

    <p>It causes an abnormal gamete with an extra chromosome to fuse with a normal gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maintaining a haploid chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>It balances the chromosome doubling that occurs during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation through crossing over?

    <p>By exchanging genetic material at specific points on homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of cell division?

    <p>Mitosis involves one round of division, while meiosis involves two rounds of division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance in genetics?

    <p>Incomplete dominance results in a blend of phenotypes, while co-dominance shows both traits simultaneously without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monohybrid crosses, what principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait and that these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of multiple alleles in genetics?

    <p>Multiple alleles refer to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the role of a Punnett square in determining offspring genotypes?

    <p>To predict the ratios of genotypes in the offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monohybrid crosses differ from dihybrid crosses in genetics?

    <p>Monohybrid crosses focus on the inheritance of one trait, while dihybrid crosses focus on the inheritance of two traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA in living organisms as discussed in the text?

    <p>Determining an organism's hereditary characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is chloroplast DNA primarily located in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of histones in relation to DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Organizing and compacting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic material is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of genetic inheritance, where is the majority of an organism's genetic information stored?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>It allows for genetic information to be faithfully transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures that amino acids are added in the proper sequence dictated by the mRNA during translation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes RNA structurally different from DNA?

    <p>RNA has ribose sugar and uracil base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Facilitating photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does non-disjunction during meiosis lead to Down Syndrome?

    <p>By creating extra copies of chromosomes in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RNA differ structurally from DNA?

    <p>RNA is typically single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) found during protein synthesis?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Serving as the template for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what cellular location is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily situated?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries amino acids and has an anticodon that pairs with codons on mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does mRNA exit after detaching from DNA during transcription?

    <p>Nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic outcome of Meiosis I in terms of chromosome number compared to the parent cell?

    <p>Half the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation through crossing over?

    <p>Exchanges genetic material between chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for creating a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate DNA synthesis?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA profiling in identifying individuals?

    <p>Identifying individuals based on unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what is the role of helicases?

    <p>Unwinding the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA polymerases contribute to the fidelity of DNA replication?

    <p>Preventing mutations from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the crucial aspects of meiosis concerning chromosome numbers?

    <p>Halving the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism during meiosis is responsible for introducing genetic diversity through the exchange of genetic material?

    <p>Crossing over during Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase II in meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with extra copies of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might non-disjunction lead to the genetic condition known as Down Syndrome?

    <p>When there is an extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and the separation of sister chromatids towards opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main genetic outcome of Meiosis I in terms of chromosome number when compared to the parent cell?

    <p>Halved chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the functional difference between homozygous and heterozygous organisms?

    <p>Heterozygous organisms have two different alleles for a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chromatin in cells before cell division?

    <p>Forming chromosomes during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to genetic principles, what is the significance of alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>They can result in different expressions of a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of genetic inheritance, what is the primary function of genes?

    <p>Coding for specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of incomplete dominance in genetics?

    <p>Both alleles blend to produce an intermediate phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of multiple alleles, what does it mean when it's mentioned that an individual can only have two of these alleles?

    <p>An individual can only express two different alleles at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the AB blood type in humans best characterized in terms of genetic expression?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed without blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of monohybrid crosses in genetics?

    <p>Tracking the inheritance of different versions of one gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Mendel's Principle of Segregation explain genetic diversity?

    <p>By separating alleles during gamete formation to create allele diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of histones in relation to DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Chromosome organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the distribution of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA is present in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientists utilized X-ray diffraction to study DNA's molecular structure?

    <p>Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA as discussed in the text?

    <p>Directing protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>$DNA ightarrow mRNA ightarrow Protein$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does mRNA carry the genetic code from and to where in the cell?

    <p>Nucleus to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is directly involved in assembling amino acids into proteins?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of rRNA within the cell?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what aspect of the DNA profile is compared between an unknown evidence sample and a known reference sample?

    <p>Intensity and spacing of bands in the profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of Okazaki fragments in DNA replication?

    <p>They facilitate the synthesis of the lagging strand discontinuously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpretation of DNA profiles in forensic analysis considered a complex process?

    <p>Considering potential errors, differences in laboratory methods, and non-unique DNA regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a specific section of the DNA double helix during the process of Transcription?

    <p>Acting as a template for mRNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of protein synthesis is the mRNA formed by pairing RNA nucleotides with complementary bases on the DNA template strand?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA molecules during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of meiosis occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of nuclear membranes reforming around chromosomes in Telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Separating homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do centromeres divide, and the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the reduction in chromosome number from diploid to haploid during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain a constant chromosome number across generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur, leading to the exchange of genetic material and increased genetic diversity?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does abnormal meiosis, specifically non-disjunction, contribute to Down Syndrome?

    <p>By causing an extra copy of chromosome 21 in a gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect differentiates the genetic outcome of mitosis from meiosis?

    <p>Presence of crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I differ from the arrangement of chromosomes in metaphase of mitosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes pair up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves different forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic phenomenon occurs when a recessive allele is only expressed in the homozygous condition?

    <p>Complete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what term is used to describe an organism with two different alleles at a specific gene locus?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance in genetics?

    <p>Incomplete dominance results in a blend or intermediate phenotype, while complete dominance masks one allele over another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross involving pea plants with alleles for tall stems (T) and short stems (t), what will be the phenotypic ratio if two heterozygous plants (Tt) are crossed?

    <p>1 tall : 2 medium : 1 short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes co-dominance in genetics?

    <p>In co-dominance, both alleles in a pair are fully expressed, showing traits simultaneously without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Mendel's Principle of Segregation contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>By ensuring that each gamete receives only one copy of each allele from the parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a couple already has three sons, what is the probability, according to Mendelian genetics, that their next child will be a girl?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of genetic inheritance, what is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Storing genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is tRNA primarily found in the cell during protein synthesis?

    <p>Freely in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the role of ligase enzymes?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what aspect of the DNA profile is primarily compared between an unknown evidence sample and a known reference sample?

    <p>Spacing and position of the DNA bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding DNA replication in the context of genetic diversity?

    <p>Allows for genetic variation and diversity within populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why DNA replication is crucial for the growth, development, and maintenance of all living organisms?

    <p>To ensure accurate copying of genetic material in new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the timing and location of DNA replication based on the provided information?

    <p>Happens during interphase in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical role of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in DNA replication?

    <p>To stabilize the double helix structure of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the specific pairing of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine crucial for DNA replication?

    <p>To maintain the genetic code and ensure accurate copying during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

    <p>To synthesize new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific consequence of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Increase in genetic diversity due to recombination of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, which cellular component ensures that the tRNA with the correct amino acid binds to the ribosome at the right time?

    <p>tRNA anticodons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA contribute to the production of functional proteins in cells?

    <p>By serving as a template for mRNA formation during transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes tRNA molecules from mRNA molecules in protein synthesis?

    <p>Role in carrying amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of protein synthesis is the amino acid sequence encoded by mRNA translated into a polypeptide chain?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is crucial for maintaining species-specific chromosome number through generations?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic outcome of Meiosis II in terms of chromosome number for the end products?

    <p>Haploid but genetically varied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate correctly lead to non-disjunction?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis in humans when chromosome pair 21 does not separate correctly?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis do whole chromosomes get pulled to poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of genes in genetics?

    <p>Carrying genetic information for specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process in meiosis leads to new combinations of genes on each chromosome?

    <p>Crossing Over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase in mitosis is equivalent to Anaphase II in meiosis?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves different forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the chromosome number of daughter cells produced in mitosis and those produced in meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis have the same chromosome number as the parent cell, while those in meiosis have half the number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept describes a situation where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blend or intermediate phenotype in heterozygous individuals?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monohybrid crosses, what genetic principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait and that these alleles segregate during the formation of gametes?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main genetic outcome of incomplete dominance in heterozygous individuals?

    <p>A blend or intermediate phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus, although an individual can only have two of these alleles?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept involves a type of inheritance where one allele masks the presence of another allele in the phenotype?

    <p>Complete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleic acid is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of genetic information storage, what is the main function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Organizing and compacting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    <p>It allows accurate copying of DNA during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Package and organize DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does non-disjunction during meiosis contribute to genetic disorders like Down Syndrome?

    <p>Leads to extra or missing chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is directly responsible for adding amino acids in the proper sequence during translation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of maintaining a haploid chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand during DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of DNA replication is facilitated by helicases breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases on the DNA double helix?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors or mismatches in base pairing?

    <p>Proofreading and Repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of errors occurring during DNA replication that lead to mutations?

    <p>Decreasing the fidelity of genetic information transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids and binding them to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chromosomal condensation during meiosis?

    <p>Allows for the pairing of homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of genes in genetics?

    <p>Passing genetic information from generation to generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA replication support growth, development, and maintenance in organisms?

    <p>By providing a mechanism for cell division and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis primarily occur in animals?

    <p>In the anthers and ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept describes different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heterozygous individuals, which genetic concept states that the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele in the phenotype?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to having two identical alleles for a specific trait?

    <p>Homozygous condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic outcome of Meiosis II regarding chromosome number for the end products?

    <p>Haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between the chromosomes at Metaphase II in meiosis and those at Metaphase in mitosis?

    <p>Chromosomes align at the equator in pairs in meiosis and individually in mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic cross involves two different characteristics or traits?

    <p>Dihybrid cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Gametes with an extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of crossing over contribute to genetic variation during meiosis?

    <p>By exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of spindle fibers during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>To pull sister chromatids apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the significance of cytokinesis in Telophase II differ between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Cytokinesis results in four daughter cells in mitosis and two daughter cells in meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance involves blending of traits, while complete dominance shows one trait masking the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In co-dominance, how are the traits from the two alleles typically expressed?

    <p>In a way that combines both traits without blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>It explains how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding multiple alleles crucial in genetics?

    <p>To predict the likelihood of different traits appearing in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monohybrid crosses, what does the phenotypic ratio often fall into for traits exhibiting complete dominance?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of sex determination, what do the male and female contribute during fertilization?

    <p>Male provides an X chromosome, female provides an X and a Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio for males and females when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have offspring?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender is more commonly affected by X-linked traits and disorders?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

    <p><strong>Inability</strong> to clot properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the genetic disorder haemophilia impact individuals with the condition?

    <p><strong>Prolonged</strong> bleeding time from cuts or injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using Punnett squares in genetics?

    <p>To predict the genotypes and phenotypes of potential offspring based on parental alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent?

    <p>Mating between two individuals in the pedigree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of shading symbols in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To represent individuals expressing certain traits or characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on pedigree analysis, in what scenario would both parents be carriers of a recessive trait?

    <p>If they have a grandchild expressing the recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using genetic lineages/pedigrees in studying inheritance?

    <p>To trace the inheritance of characteristics over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, how can one differentiate between affected males and females with sex-linked traits?

    <p>By using specific symbols or shading patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Because males have only one X chromosome, where the recessive gene is located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe permanent changes to the DNA of a cell?

    <p>Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a gene mutation that causes the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do gene mutations occur during DNA replication that can alter the DNA sequence?

    <p>During Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation can lead to advantageous genetic variation if passed on and contribute to natural selection?

    <p>Useful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of mutations, what is the result of altering the DNA responsible for producing specific proteins?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules resulting in abnormally shaped red blood cells?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which cell division process do chromosomal aberrations like Down syndrome occur due to improper separation of chromosomes?

    <p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood grouping, what would be the blood type of an individual with the genotype IBi?

    <p>Blood type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males have a higher chance of being color-blind compared to females in the context of sex-linked disorders?

    <p>Due to the inheritance of the recessive Xb allele on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic outcome if a male inherits the Xh allele for haemophilia?

    <p>He will manifest the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it more common for women to be carriers of sex-linked disorders like haemophilia rather than manifesting the disease?

    <p>Due to the presence of two X chromosomes in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of alleles IA and IB being co-dominant in blood grouping?

    <p>They result in blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood group analysis in paternity testing?

    <p>Because DNA profiles provide unique matches between child and parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are individuals with genotype ii considered to have blood type O?

    <p>Because they lack both IA and IB alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a female being color-blind if she has the genotype XBXb?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes DNA profiling from blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>DNA profiling compares nucleotide sequences, while blood grouping analyzes blood groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect makes cloning particularly beneficial for preserving endangered species?

    <p>Cloning can create genetically identical copies of endangered species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genetic engineering in GMOs differ from cloning in terms of creating desired traits?

    <p>Genetic engineering alters genetic material, while cloning produces identical copies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concern distinguishes genetic engineering from paternity testing?

    <p>Genetic engineering involves embryonic stem cell research, while paternity testing uses DNA profiling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling provide more reliable evidence in paternity testing than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling examines specific nucleotide sequences, while blood grouping focuses on surface antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes natural cloning from artificial cloning?

    <p>Natural cloning is random in nature, while artificial cloning is controlled in a laboratory setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the potential impact on food supply differ between GMOs and cloning?

    <p>GMOs lead to more abundant crops, while cloning enhances breeding of superior animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the long-term concerns associated with genetic engineering and cloning?

    <p>Genetic engineering raises ethical questions, while cloning focuses on ecological impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic lineages, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>Indicates mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine if a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant?

    <p>If the trait shows up in every generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals with dimples have as their genotype according to the dimple pedigree mentioned?

    <p>Heterozygous (Dd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to differentiate between affected males and females in sex-linked traits on pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To identify carriers of the traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pedigree diagrams help determine if a trait is likely recessive?

    <p>If the trait skips generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>Offspring of the connected pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a male individual?

    <p>XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males?

    <p>Females have two X chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome carries more genes, making it more commonly linked to genetic mutations in humans?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotype ratio in offspring resulting from a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

    <p>1:1 male to female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, which sex possesses two X chromosomes?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Deficiency in clotting factor on X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the chance of a couple having a baby girl, after having three sons, remain at 50% according to Mendelian genetics?

    <p>% chance remains constant for each birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex chromosome pair determines the gender of offspring in humans?

    <p>(XX) female vs. (XY) male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it that when a male inherits the Xh allele, he will manifest the haemophilia disease?

    <p>Because he has no second X chromosome to provide a protective dominant allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of color-blindness inheritance, why do men have a higher chance of being color-blind if they inherit the Xb allele?

    <p>Because males are hemizygous for X-linked genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the alleles IA and IB interact in blood type inheritance to produce the AB blood type?

    <p>They are co-dominant to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can paternity testing based solely on blood groups be inconclusive?

    <p>Because blood types are common among the population and shared among many individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept is exemplified by the AB blood type inheritance pattern?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment apply to dihybrid crosses?

    <p>It explains why traits from different genes segregate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do individuals with the genotype ii express the O blood type?

    <p>Because the i allele is recessive to both IA and IB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dihybrid crosses, how does the concept of complete dominance manifest?

    <p>When one allele masks the presence of another completely in the phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential drawback associated with using blood grouping as an indicator of paternity?

    <p>Many individuals can share the same blood group, reducing the conclusiveness of the test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling offer a more conclusive method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling is based on analyzing the nucleotide sequences, providing direct genetic comparisons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic engineering, what is a primary concern related to modifying genetic material across different species?

    <p>The potential ethical implications of altering the fundamental genetic makeup of species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does therapeutic cloning differ from other applications of cloning mentioned in the text?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning focuses on repairing tissues and organs, distinct from breeding or preserving animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered a more reliable method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling provides conclusive evidence by examining direct genetic similarities between individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major ethical concern associated with genetic engineering according to the text?

    <p>The ethical debates surrounding modifying genetic material between different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling contribute to establishing paternity in a more definitive manner than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling provides a direct comparison of nucleotide sequences between the father and child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from other forms of cloning based on the information provided?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning focuses on repairing tissues and organs for medical purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations in terms of their impact on an organism?

    <p>Harmful mutations alter protein production, affecting the organism's appearance and function, while useful mutations enhance survival chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes haemophilia and colour-blindness from sickle cell anaemia in terms of their genetic inheritance?

    <p>Haemophilia and colour-blindness are sex-linked gene mutations, while sickle cell anaemia is an autosomal disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gene mutations contribute to natural selection?

    <p>Gene mutations increase genetic diversity, allowing organisms with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stem cells from regular body cells in terms of their developmental potential?

    <p>Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into different types of body cells, unlike regular body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Down syndrome from other chromosomal aberrations in terms of its cause?

    <p>Down syndrome is caused by improper separation of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis, leading to an extra or missing chromosome, while other aberrations result from duplication errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes genetic engineering from cloning in terms of their objectives?

    <p>Genetic engineering aims to modify an organism's genetic makeup, while cloning focuses on creating genetically identical organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are stem cells derived from adult sources like bone marrow considered less controversial than embryonic stem cells?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells raise ethical concerns due to their source being human embryos, whereas adult stem cells do not face the same controversy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do autosomal diseases like sickle cell anaemia differ from sex-linked disorders like haemophilia in terms of their genetic origins?

    <p>Autosomal diseases result from gene mutations on autosomes, while sex-linked disorders occur on sex chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a female individual in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, which chromosome carries more genes and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender is more commonly affected by X-linked traits and disorders?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic cause of haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Recessive allele on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inheritance refers to genetic disorders caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes in humans?

    <p>Sex-linked inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chance of a couple having a baby girl after having three sons, based on Mendelian genetics?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex determination, what determines the gender of offspring during fertilization?

    <p>$\text{Genetic makeup of the male gamete}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome combination leads to a male individual in terms of sex chromosomes?

    <p>$XY$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of independent assortment in determining possible offspring genotypes?

    <p>It ensures that genes located on different chromosomes segregate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving coat color and coat texture in hamsters, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for offspring?

    <p>9 rough-coated black hamsters, 3 smooth-coated black hamsters, 3 rough-coated white hamsters, 1 smooth-coated white hamster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis behind a female manifesting haemophilia?

    <p>Possessing two Xh alleles (XhXh)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does analyzing pedigree diagrams help determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive?

    <p>By observing if the trait skips generations to indicate recessiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, how is the AB blood type expressed?

    <p>By possessing the IAIB genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if males are more frequently affected in a pedigree diagram showcasing a sex-linked trait?

    <p>It indicates that the gene responsible is located on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood type of an individual with the genotype IBi?

    <p>Blood type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent?

    <p>Offspring produced by mating pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Punnett square help determine phenotypes and genotypes of offspring in genetic crosses?

    <p>By organizing gametes from each parent and calculating all possible combinations of alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked inheritance, why do men have a higher chance of being color-blind?

    <p>Due to inheriting the Xb allele from their mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept is exemplified by the co-dominance of IA and IB alleles in the AB blood type?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using genetic lineages or pedigree diagrams in studying inherited traits?

    <p>To understand how multiple generations pass down certain traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can blood groups offer initial evidence but not conclusive proof in paternity testing?

    <p>Due to multiple people sharing common blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic phenomenon explains how multiple alleles control a single trait like blood grouping?

    <p>Multiple alleleism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dihybrid crosses, what does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

    <p>'Genes located on different chromosomes will segregate independently during gamete formation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between paternity testing using blood grouping and DNA profiling?

    <p>Blood grouping can definitively confirm paternity, while DNA profiling offers initial indications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) contribute to the process of cloning?

    <p>It involves inserting the nucleus from a donor's egg cell into a body cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary ethical concern raised by genetic engineering that distinguishes it from cloning?

    <p>Modification of genetic material across different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered a more conclusive method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling relies on visual markers that are unique to each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of paternity testing, what does matching 50% of the child's DNA fragments with those of the potential father indicate?

    <p>The child has inherited half of their DNA from the potential father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from artificial cloning in terms of their primary applications?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning focuses on medical treatments, while artificial cloning aims at preserving endangered species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does paternity testing play in establishing genetic relationships between individuals?

    <p>It determines if individuals share genetic material based on their DNA profiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia from colour-blindness in terms of genetic inheritance?

    <p>Haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia are autosomal diseases, while colour-blindness is a sex-linked trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between harmful mutations and useful mutations as described in the text?

    <p>Harmful mutations lead to genetic disorders, while useful mutations enhance genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what specific event can lead to gene mutations?

    <p>Addition or omission of base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stem cells differentiate themselves from regular body cells based on their developmental potential?

    <p>Stem cells have the ability to replace damaged cells in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the cause of Down syndrome from other chromosomal aberrations?

    <p>Down syndrome results from non-disjunction during meiosis, while other aberrations are caused by DNA replication errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetic engineering, what is the main focus of biotechnology?

    <p>Creating genetically modified organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gene mutations contribute to natural selection according to the text?

    <p>Gene mutations cause advantageous genetic variations that help organisms survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stem cell research using embryonic stem cells from using adult stem cells based on ethical concerns?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells have higher potential for treatment but raise ethical concerns compared to adult stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor contributing to the expression of X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia in males?

    <p>Lack of a second X chromosome to mask the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross between an unaffected male and a female carrier of haemophilia, what is the probability of their offspring being affected by haemophilia?

    <p>100% of males and 0% of females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are females less commonly affected by X-linked traits like haemophilia compared to males?

    <p>Ability to mask the effects with multiple X chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the genetic makeup (genotype) of a female carrier of haemophilia differ from that of a non-carrier?

    <p>Carriers have one normal and one mutant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with haemophilia, what is the specific consequence of the deficiency in clotting factor due to the recessive allele (Xh)?

    <p>Problems with blood clotting and prolonged bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the higher occurrence of genetic mutations and disorders on the X chromosome compared to the Y chromosome?

    <p>Presence of more genes on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial for individuals with haemophilia to be cautious during activities that might lead to cuts or injuries?

    <p>To avoid prolonged bleeding episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for haemophilia being more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Lack of second X chromosome in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of pedigree diagrams in genetics?

    <p>Tracing inheritance of characteristics over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is involved in analyzing pedigree diagrams according to the text?

    <p>Determining possible genotypes of parents based on offspring's phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more frequently affected by X-linked recessive traits according to the text?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dominant traits from recessive traits in pedigree analysis?

    <p>Dominant traits express in every generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of analyzing a pedigree diagram according to the text?

    <p>Tracing inheritance patterns over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having squares and circles representing males and females in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To help identify individuals' sex quickly within the lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do males and females differ in their ability to manifest haemophilia?

    <p>Males manifest haemophilia when they inherit the Xh allele, while females can manifest it only if they inherit two Xh alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic phenomenon explains the blood types resulting from the IA, IB, and i alleles?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type results from having both IAIB alleles?

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving pea plants with genotypes TtPp, what are the possible gametes produced by each parent?

    <p>Tp and TP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA profiling in paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling provides conclusive proof of paternity, while blood grouping only offers initial evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of the Xb allele on the X chromosome affect color blindness in males?

    <p>Leads to a higher chance of being color-blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and has no effect on the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation leads to alterations in the organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic terms, what is the primary outcome of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Creation of a zygote with abnormal chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of genetic engineering within the field of biotechnology?

    <p>Modifying genetic makeup of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosomal aberration results from the non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gene mutation causes albinism by preventing normal melanin development?

    <p>Autosomal recessive mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is considered beneficial as it enhances an organism's survival chances?

    <p>Useful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between autosomal and sex-linked gene mutations?

    <p>Location on chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered more reliable evidence of paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

    <p>Analyzing DNA profiles for nucleotide sequence similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an application of therapeutic cloning as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Tissue repair for medical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves inserting a donor cell nucleus into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main ethical concern raised regarding genetic engineering in the text?

    <p>Control over genetically engineered seeds by certain companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what does it indicate if a man's blood group combined with the mother's could not produce the child's group?

    <p>He is not the father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cloning from genetic engineering?

    <p>Creation of identical copies without genetic alteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic makes DNA profiling more conclusive than blood grouping in paternity testing?

    <p>% match of DNA fragments between child and potential father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common benefit associated with GMOs as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Improved pharmaceuticals and medical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

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