Life Sciences P2 June Exam (Hard)

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

What are chromosomes primarily made of in eukaryotic cells?

In addition to the nucleus, where else can DNA be found in cells?

What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

In DNA profiling, what is a significant factor that necessitates careful consideration in its application?

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

What makes RNA structurally different from DNA?

What is the function of primase in DNA replication?

Which molecule plays a critical role in facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins?

How does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

What is the function of ligase in DNA replication?

What is the significance of understanding DNA replication according to the provided text?

What is the primary function of DNA?

During DNA replication, where does the process take place in eukaryotic cells?

Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?

What is the significance of the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication primarily associated with?

What is the role of tRNA during translation in protein synthesis?

During meiosis, where does crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between chromatids, occur?

What is the significance of chromosomal condensation during meiosis?

Where does mRNA exit after detaching from DNA during transcription?

What ensures that amino acids are added in the proper sequence dictated by the mRNA during translation?

During which process does crossing over occur, contributing to genetic variability among produced gametes?

In genetics, what is the term for different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

In the Law of Dominance, what trait will an individual heterozygous for a particular characteristic exhibit?

What is the genetic outcome of Meiosis I in terms of chromosome number compared to the parent cell?

Which process involves the formation of four genetically different daughter cells from one parent cell?

What is the main purpose of meiosis in terms of genetic variation?

How does non-disjunction during meiosis lead to Down Syndrome?

What is the significance of maintaining a haploid chromosome number during meiosis?

How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation through crossing over?

What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of cell division?

What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance in genetics?

In monohybrid crosses, what principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait and that these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

What is a key feature of multiple alleles in genetics?

In genetics, what is the role of a Punnett square in determining offspring genotypes?

How do monohybrid crosses differ from dihybrid crosses in genetics?

What is the primary role of DNA in living organisms as discussed in the text?

Where is chloroplast DNA primarily located in plants?

What is the main function of histones in relation to DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Which type of genetic material is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

In terms of genetic inheritance, where is the majority of an organism's genetic information stored?

What is the significance of the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

What ensures that amino acids are added in the proper sequence dictated by the mRNA during translation?

What makes RNA structurally different from DNA?

What is the function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

How does non-disjunction during meiosis lead to Down Syndrome?

What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

How does RNA differ structurally from DNA?

Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) found during protein synthesis?

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

In what cellular location is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily situated?

What is the role of tRNA during translation in protein synthesis?

Where does mRNA exit after detaching from DNA during transcription?

What is the genetic outcome of Meiosis I in terms of chromosome number compared to the parent cell?

What is the primary function of DNA?

What is the primary function of Ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation through crossing over?

Which enzyme is responsible for creating a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate DNA synthesis?

What is the significance of DNA profiling in identifying individuals?

In DNA replication, what is the role of helicases?

How do DNA polymerases contribute to the fidelity of DNA replication?

What is one of the crucial aspects of meiosis concerning chromosome numbers?

Which mechanism during meiosis is responsible for introducing genetic diversity through the exchange of genetic material?

What is the specific consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase II in meiosis?

In what scenario might non-disjunction lead to the genetic condition known as Down Syndrome?

Which phase of meiosis involves the division of centromeres and the separation of sister chromatids towards opposite poles?

What is the main genetic outcome of Meiosis I in terms of chromosome number when compared to the parent cell?

In genetics, what is the functional difference between homozygous and heterozygous organisms?

What is the primary role of chromatin in cells before cell division?

According to genetic principles, what is the significance of alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

In terms of genetic inheritance, what is the primary function of genes?

What is a distinguishing characteristic of incomplete dominance in genetics?

In the context of multiple alleles, what does it mean when it's mentioned that an individual can only have two of these alleles?

How is the AB blood type in humans best characterized in terms of genetic expression?

What is the primary focus of monohybrid crosses in genetics?

How does Mendel's Principle of Segregation explain genetic diversity?

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

What is the main role of histones in relation to DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within the cell?

Which statement accurately describes the distribution of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Which scientists utilized X-ray diffraction to study DNA's molecular structure?

What is the primary function of DNA as discussed in the text?

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

What is the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

Where does mRNA carry the genetic code from and to where in the cell?

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

What is the primary role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Which type of RNA is directly involved in assembling amino acids into proteins?

What is the location of rRNA within the cell?

What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

Which enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand?

In DNA profiling, what aspect of the DNA profile is compared between an unknown evidence sample and a known reference sample?

What is the main significance of Okazaki fragments in DNA replication?

Why is interpretation of DNA profiles in forensic analysis considered a complex process?

What is the role of a specific section of the DNA double helix during the process of Transcription?

During which stage of protein synthesis is the mRNA formed by pairing RNA nucleotides with complementary bases on the DNA template strand?

What is the primary function of tRNA molecules during translation in protein synthesis?

Where does the process of meiosis occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

What is the significance of nuclear membranes reforming around chromosomes in Telophase I of meiosis?

During which stage of meiosis do centromeres divide, and the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids toward opposite poles?

What is the significance of the reduction in chromosome number from diploid to haploid during meiosis?

In which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur, leading to the exchange of genetic material and increased genetic diversity?

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I in meiosis?

How does abnormal meiosis, specifically non-disjunction, contribute to Down Syndrome?

What key aspect differentiates the genetic outcome of mitosis from meiosis?

How does the pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I differ from the arrangement of chromosomes in metaphase of mitosis?

Which genetic concept involves different forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

What genetic phenomenon occurs when a recessive allele is only expressed in the homozygous condition?

In genetics, what term is used to describe an organism with two different alleles at a specific gene locus?

What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance in genetics?

In a monohybrid cross involving pea plants with alleles for tall stems (T) and short stems (t), what will be the phenotypic ratio if two heterozygous plants (Tt) are crossed?

Which statement accurately describes co-dominance in genetics?

How does Mendel's Principle of Segregation contribute to genetic diversity?

If a couple already has three sons, what is the probability, according to Mendelian genetics, that their next child will be a girl?

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

What is the role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

In terms of genetic inheritance, what is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

Which cellular organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

What is the function of histones in relation to DNA?

Where is tRNA primarily found in the cell during protein synthesis?

What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

During DNA replication, what is the role of ligase enzymes?

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

What is the main function of primase in DNA replication?

In DNA profiling, what aspect of the DNA profile is primarily compared between an unknown evidence sample and a known reference sample?

What is the significance of understanding DNA replication in the context of genetic diversity?

What is the primary reason why DNA replication is crucial for the growth, development, and maintenance of all living organisms?

Which of the following accurately describes the timing and location of DNA replication based on the provided information?

What is the critical role of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in DNA replication?

Why is the specific pairing of adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine crucial for DNA replication?

What is the primary function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

What is the specific consequence of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

During translation, which cellular component ensures that the tRNA with the correct amino acid binds to the ribosome at the right time?

How does DNA contribute to the production of functional proteins in cells?

What key feature distinguishes tRNA molecules from mRNA molecules in protein synthesis?

In which stage of protein synthesis is the amino acid sequence encoded by mRNA translated into a polypeptide chain?

Which process is crucial for maintaining species-specific chromosome number through generations?

What is the genetic outcome of Meiosis II in terms of chromosome number for the end products?

During which phase of meiosis does the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate correctly lead to non-disjunction?

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis in humans when chromosome pair 21 does not separate correctly?

During which stage of meiosis do whole chromosomes get pulled to poles?

What is the primary function of genes in genetics?

What process in meiosis leads to new combinations of genes on each chromosome?

Which phase in mitosis is equivalent to Anaphase II in meiosis?

Which genetic concept involves different forms of a gene occurring at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

What is the primary difference between the chromosome number of daughter cells produced in mitosis and those produced in meiosis?

What genetic concept describes a situation where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blend or intermediate phenotype in heterozygous individuals?

In monohybrid crosses, what genetic principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait and that these alleles segregate during the formation of gametes?

What is the main genetic outcome of incomplete dominance in heterozygous individuals?

In genetics, what refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus, although an individual can only have two of these alleles?

What genetic concept involves a type of inheritance where one allele masks the presence of another allele in the phenotype?

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

Which nucleic acid is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in plants?

In terms of genetic information storage, what is the main function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

What is the significance of the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

What is the primary function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

How does non-disjunction during meiosis contribute to genetic disorders like Down Syndrome?

Which molecule is directly responsible for adding amino acids in the proper sequence during translation?

What is the main outcome of maintaining a haploid chromosome number during meiosis?

What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

What is the location of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

What enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand during DNA replication?

Which aspect of DNA replication is facilitated by helicases breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases on the DNA double helix?

What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

Which process ensures the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors or mismatches in base pairing?

What is the primary consequence of errors occurring during DNA replication that lead to mutations?

What is the main role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation in protein synthesis?

What is the significance of chromosomal condensation during meiosis?

What is the primary function of genes in genetics?

How does DNA replication support growth, development, and maintenance in organisms?

Where does meiosis primarily occur in animals?

Which genetic concept describes different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

In heterozygous individuals, which genetic concept states that the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele in the phenotype?

Which genetic concept refers to having two identical alleles for a specific trait?

What is the primary genetic outcome of Meiosis II regarding chromosome number for the end products?

What is one key difference between the chromosomes at Metaphase II in meiosis and those at Metaphase in mitosis?

What type of genetic cross involves two different characteristics or traits?

What is a direct consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

How does the process of crossing over contribute to genetic variation during meiosis?

What is the primary role of spindle fibers during Anaphase II of meiosis?

How does the significance of cytokinesis in Telophase II differ between mitosis and meiosis?

What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance?

In co-dominance, how are the traits from the two alleles typically expressed?

What is the significance of Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

Why is understanding multiple alleles crucial in genetics?

In monohybrid crosses, what does the phenotypic ratio often fall into for traits exhibiting complete dominance?

What is the genetic makeup of a male in terms of sex chromosomes?

In the context of sex determination, what do the male and female contribute during fertilization?

Which sex chromosome carries more genes in humans?

What is the phenotypic ratio for males and females when a male (XY) and a female (XX) have offspring?

Which gender is more commonly affected by X-linked traits and disorders?

What is the key characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

How does the genetic disorder haemophilia impact individuals with the condition?

What is a key advantage of using Punnett squares in genetics?

In a pedigree diagram, what does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle represent?

What is the significance of shading symbols in pedigree diagrams?

Based on pedigree analysis, in what scenario would both parents be carriers of a recessive trait?

What is the main purpose of using genetic lineages/pedigrees in studying inheritance?

In pedigree diagrams, how can one differentiate between affected males and females with sex-linked traits?

Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits represented in pedigree diagrams?

What is the term used to describe permanent changes to the DNA of a cell?

Which type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

What is the result of a gene mutation that causes the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

Where do gene mutations occur during DNA replication that can alter the DNA sequence?

What type of mutation can lead to advantageous genetic variation if passed on and contribute to natural selection?

In terms of mutations, what is the result of altering the DNA responsible for producing specific proteins?

What causes the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules resulting in abnormally shaped red blood cells?

During which cell division process do chromosomal aberrations like Down syndrome occur due to improper separation of chromosomes?

In the context of blood grouping, what would be the blood type of an individual with the genotype IBi?

Why do males have a higher chance of being color-blind compared to females in the context of sex-linked disorders?

What is the genetic outcome if a male inherits the Xh allele for haemophilia?

Why is it more common for women to be carriers of sex-linked disorders like haemophilia rather than manifesting the disease?

What is the significance of alleles IA and IB being co-dominant in blood grouping?

Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable than blood group analysis in paternity testing?

Why are individuals with genotype ii considered to have blood type O?

What is the probability of a female being color-blind if she has the genotype XBXb?

What distinguishes DNA profiling from blood grouping in paternity testing?

Which aspect makes cloning particularly beneficial for preserving endangered species?

How does genetic engineering in GMOs differ from cloning in terms of creating desired traits?

What ethical concern distinguishes genetic engineering from paternity testing?

How does DNA profiling provide more reliable evidence in paternity testing than blood grouping?

What distinguishes natural cloning from artificial cloning?

How does the potential impact on food supply differ between GMOs and cloning?

What distinguishes the long-term concerns associated with genetic engineering and cloning?

In genetic lineages, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

Why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits in pedigree diagrams?

What is the significance of a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle in a pedigree diagram?

How can one determine if a trait in a pedigree diagram is likely dominant?

What do individuals with dimples have as their genotype according to the dimple pedigree mentioned?

Why is it important to differentiate between affected males and females in sex-linked traits on pedigree diagrams?

How do pedigree diagrams help determine if a trait is likely recessive?

What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

What is the genetic makeup of a male individual?

Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males?

Which chromosome carries more genes, making it more commonly linked to genetic mutations in humans?

What is the phenotype ratio in offspring resulting from a genetic cross between a male (XY) and a female (XX)?

In humans, which sex possesses two X chromosomes?

What is the key characteristic of haemophilia as a sex-linked disorder?

Why does the chance of a couple having a baby girl, after having three sons, remain at 50% according to Mendelian genetics?

Which sex chromosome pair determines the gender of offspring in humans?

Why is it that when a male inherits the Xh allele, he will manifest the haemophilia disease?

In terms of color-blindness inheritance, why do men have a higher chance of being color-blind if they inherit the Xb allele?

How do the alleles IA and IB interact in blood type inheritance to produce the AB blood type?

Why can paternity testing based solely on blood groups be inconclusive?

What genetic concept is exemplified by the AB blood type inheritance pattern?

How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment apply to dihybrid crosses?

Why do individuals with the genotype ii express the O blood type?

In dihybrid crosses, how does the concept of complete dominance manifest?

What is one potential drawback associated with using blood grouping as an indicator of paternity?

How does DNA profiling offer a more conclusive method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

In genetic engineering, what is a primary concern related to modifying genetic material across different species?

How does therapeutic cloning differ from other applications of cloning mentioned in the text?

Why is DNA profiling considered a more reliable method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

What is a major ethical concern associated with genetic engineering according to the text?

How does DNA profiling contribute to establishing paternity in a more definitive manner than blood grouping?

What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from other forms of cloning based on the information provided?

What distinguishes harmful mutations from useful mutations in terms of their impact on an organism?

What distinguishes haemophilia and colour-blindness from sickle cell anaemia in terms of their genetic inheritance?

How do gene mutations contribute to natural selection?

What distinguishes stem cells from regular body cells in terms of their developmental potential?

What distinguishes Down syndrome from other chromosomal aberrations in terms of its cause?

What distinguishes genetic engineering from cloning in terms of their objectives?

Why are stem cells derived from adult sources like bone marrow considered less controversial than embryonic stem cells?

How do autosomal diseases like sickle cell anaemia differ from sex-linked disorders like haemophilia in terms of their genetic origins?

What is the genetic makeup of a female individual in terms of sex chromosomes?

In humans, which chromosome carries more genes and is commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

Which gender is more commonly affected by X-linked traits and disorders?

What is the genetic cause of haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

Which type of inheritance refers to genetic disorders caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes in humans?

What is the chance of a couple having a baby girl after having three sons, based on Mendelian genetics?

In sex determination, what determines the gender of offspring during fertilization?

Which chromosome combination leads to a male individual in terms of sex chromosomes?

What is the significance of independent assortment in determining possible offspring genotypes?

In a dihybrid cross involving coat color and coat texture in hamsters, what is the expected phenotypic ratio for offspring?

What is the genetic basis behind a female manifesting haemophilia?

How does analyzing pedigree diagrams help determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive?

In blood grouping, how is the AB blood type expressed?

What does it indicate if males are more frequently affected in a pedigree diagram showcasing a sex-linked trait?

What is the blood type of an individual with the genotype IBi?

In a pedigree diagram, what does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent?

How does the Punnett square help determine phenotypes and genotypes of offspring in genetic crosses?

In sex-linked inheritance, why do men have a higher chance of being color-blind?

What genetic concept is exemplified by the co-dominance of IA and IB alleles in the AB blood type?

What is the main benefit of using genetic lineages or pedigree diagrams in studying inherited traits?

Why can blood groups offer initial evidence but not conclusive proof in paternity testing?

What genetic phenomenon explains how multiple alleles control a single trait like blood grouping?

In dihybrid crosses, what does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

What is a key difference between paternity testing using blood grouping and DNA profiling?

How does somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) contribute to the process of cloning?

What is a primary ethical concern raised by genetic engineering that distinguishes it from cloning?

Why is DNA profiling considered a more conclusive method for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

In the context of paternity testing, what does matching 50% of the child's DNA fragments with those of the potential father indicate?

What distinguishes therapeutic cloning from artificial cloning in terms of their primary applications?

What role does paternity testing play in establishing genetic relationships between individuals?

What distinguishes haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia from colour-blindness in terms of genetic inheritance?

What is the primary difference between harmful mutations and useful mutations as described in the text?

During DNA replication, what specific event can lead to gene mutations?

How do stem cells differentiate themselves from regular body cells based on their developmental potential?

What distinguishes the cause of Down syndrome from other chromosomal aberrations?

In the context of genetic engineering, what is the main focus of biotechnology?

How do gene mutations contribute to natural selection according to the text?

What distinguishes stem cell research using embryonic stem cells from using adult stem cells based on ethical concerns?

What is the key factor contributing to the expression of X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia in males?

In a genetic cross between an unaffected male and a female carrier of haemophilia, what is the probability of their offspring being affected by haemophilia?

Why are females less commonly affected by X-linked traits like haemophilia compared to males?

How does the genetic makeup (genotype) of a female carrier of haemophilia differ from that of a non-carrier?

In individuals with haemophilia, what is the specific consequence of the deficiency in clotting factor due to the recessive allele (Xh)?

What is the primary reason behind the higher occurrence of genetic mutations and disorders on the X chromosome compared to the Y chromosome?

Why is it crucial for individuals with haemophilia to be cautious during activities that might lead to cuts or injuries?

What is the genetic basis for haemophilia being more commonly expressed in males than in females?

What is the main use of pedigree diagrams in genetics?

In pedigree diagrams, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

Which step is involved in analyzing pedigree diagrams according to the text?

Why are males more frequently affected by X-linked recessive traits according to the text?

What distinguishes dominant traits from recessive traits in pedigree analysis?

What is the key function of analyzing a pedigree diagram according to the text?

What is the significance of having squares and circles representing males and females in pedigree diagrams?

How do males and females differ in their ability to manifest haemophilia?

What genetic phenomenon explains the blood types resulting from the IA, IB, and i alleles?

Which blood type results from having both IAIB alleles?

In a dihybrid cross involving pea plants with genotypes TtPp, what are the possible gametes produced by each parent?

What is the significance of DNA profiling in paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

How does the presence of the Xb allele on the X chromosome affect color blindness in males?

What type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and has no effect on the cell's structure or functioning?

Which type of mutation leads to alterations in the organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

In genetic terms, what is the primary outcome of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

What is the main focus of genetic engineering within the field of biotechnology?

Which chromosomal aberration results from the non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

What type of gene mutation causes albinism by preventing normal melanin development?

Which type of mutation is considered beneficial as it enhances an organism's survival chances?

What is the key difference between autosomal and sex-linked gene mutations?

Which method is considered more reliable evidence of paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

What is an application of therapeutic cloning as mentioned in the text?

Which technique involves inserting a donor cell nucleus into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed?

What is the main ethical concern raised regarding genetic engineering in the text?

In paternity testing, what does it indicate if a man's blood group combined with the mother's could not produce the child's group?

What distinguishes cloning from genetic engineering?

Which characteristic makes DNA profiling more conclusive than blood grouping in paternity testing?

What is a common benefit associated with GMOs as mentioned in the text?