CELL DIVISION + GENETIC DIVERSITY

<p>They are pulled apart and considered individual chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are identical unless a mutation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2n and 4c</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nearly identical, one from each parent, but not identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each cell has a haploid set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce spermatozoa and ova</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis I only</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spermatogenesis is a continuous process after puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G2 Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 ovum and 3 polar bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More rounds of mitosis before meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20-30</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fathers pass on more mutations due to more mitotic divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2c</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It doubles from 2c to 4c.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased number of cells with normal morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2n</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous chromosomes are nearly identical but not identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in nuclear size and abnormal morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sister chromatids have identical DNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences are due to mutations during replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell's DNA content is halved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both mitosis and cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G2 phase prepares the cell for mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It doubles from 2c to 4c.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of one chromosome from each parent, allowing for genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are considered individual chromosomes from that moment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically 2n throughout the cycle, except during S phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They maintain the same genetic composition as the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During G2 phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They ensure genetic diversity through independent assortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates the compaction of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They attach sister chromatids to the spindle microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal kinetochores can bind more than 20 microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All chromosomes are properly attached to spindle microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial compaction of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures even distribution of genetic material to daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moving chromosomes along the microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They interact with microtubules from the other pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extend to the cell peripherally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>only correct attachment creates tension to recruit more microtubules. initial attachment to kinetechores by microtubules is random so incorrect attachments can form. Incorrect attachments do not generate tension, and so they are destabalized by aurora protein kinase... the kinetechore then releases the microtubule and waits for another random attachment, this way only correct attachments persist. If something fails in the distribution of kinetechores then there will not be even distribution of genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorrect microtubule and kinetochore attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorrect microtubule-kinetochore attachments are destabilized by Aurora kinase. If Aurora kinase is missing or inactive, missegregation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seen in cancer cells where they can't separate properly (multipolar, monopolar).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unattached kinetechore active the spindle checkpoint. This activiation causes proteins to bind and inhibit Cdc20 which inactivates APC(Cdc20). As long as there are unattached kinetechores the cell cannot enter anaphase.. A faulty spindle checkpoint is cause of cancer -- cancer cells often have aneuploidy (incorrect number of chromosomes) as a result of missegregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They eventually die due to the spindle checkpoint, and this method is commonly used in cancer drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How cells die naturally over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaplasia is normal and so is hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between G2 and M phases of the cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the final step of mitosis where a new cell membrane is formed between daughter nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Begins during embryonic development and arrests in prophase I until the female begins ovulation at puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis I is long and complex, can take years to complete. Mitosis is short (30 mins in humans). Recombination does not happen in mitosis but happens in meiosis. There is no pairing of homologs in mitosis but there is in meiosis 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>random and independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Oogenesis begins during early embryonic development, while spermatogenesis starts at puberty.</li> <li>The duration of oogenesis can be 10-50 years, compared to 60 days for spermatogenesis.</li> <li>Oogenesis undergoes fewer mitotic divisions (20-30) than spermatogenesis (200-300).</li> <li>Oogenesis results in 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies, whereas spermatogenesis produces 4 spermatozoa.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase I of meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>racial groups, different races</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin becomes chromosomes through a series of coiling and folding processes that condense the DNA into a compact, organized structure, ready for cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin is the form that DNA takes when the cell is not dividing. It is a complex of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones, resembling a loosely coiled thread. This structure allows the DNA to be accessible for processes like transcription and replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1% and 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A DNA sequence variation that is common in the population (typically present in at least 1% of individuals). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are a common type of polymorphism.</p> Signup and view all the answers