Life Sciences P2 June Exam (Mix)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus (correct)

    • Which organelle contains DNA that is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Nucleus

    • What is the function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

  • Inherited maternally and plays a critical role in energy production (correct)
  • Regulate cell growth
  • Form chromosomes in the nucleus
  • Store genetic information

    • Which of the following accurately describes the structure of chromosomes?

    <p>Structures made of DNA and histone proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological processes does DNA govern within living organisms?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research method did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use to study DNA's molecular structure?

    <p>X-ray diffraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of DNA structure was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953?

    <p>Double helix model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>Genetic information storage and transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, in which direction do DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding DNA replication crucial for fields such as genetics and medical research?

    <p>To advance cancer research and genetic therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in RNA?

    <p>Thymine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Facilitate assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

    <p>Ribose sugar vs. deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Interpret the genetic code carried by mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, what is the role of the mRNA molecule?

    <p>Transfers information from DNA to protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA during translation?

    <p>Carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis occur in animals?

    <p>In the sex organs (testes and ovaries)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Prophase I of Meiosis I?

    <p>Crossing over of genetic material between chromatids occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>Through the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes in Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis II do chromosomes align at the equator of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of meiosis in maintaining chromosome number?

    <p>Reduces chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in meiosis introduces genetic diversity through new combinations of genes on chromosomes?

    <p>Crossing Over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis resulting in an extra copy of chromosome 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Meiosis forms two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures genetic diversity by producing daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of an organism that determines its specific characteristics?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves a genetic situation where the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition?

    <p>Complete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that has two identical alleles for a specific trait?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance?

    <p>Complete dominance results in a blend or intermediate phenotype, while incomplete dominance masks the presence of another allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In co-dominance, what happens to the alleles in the pair?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed, leading to the blending of traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait and that these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does incomplete dominance occur?

    <p>When neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>Energy production within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Organizing and compacting DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is responsible for the storage, transmission, and execution of genetic information in living organisms?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>Facilitates accurate copying of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>RNA transcription precedes protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer in DNA replication?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, where do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>3' end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are mutations sometimes considered beneficial in the context of genetic variation?

    <p>'Mutations introduce new genetic variations that may be beneficial under certain conditions'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of transcription in protein synthesis?

    <p>To produce mRNA from DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what is the role of tRNA molecules?

    <p>Carry specific amino acids and bind to mRNA codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the random arrangement of homologous chromosome pairs?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the stop codon during protein synthesis?

    <p>It signals the end of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription primarily occur within a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept involves a situation where both alleles in the pair are fully expressed, leading to a phenotype that simultaneously shows both traits without blending?

    <p>Co-Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monohybrid crosses, what is the primary focus?

    <p>Inheritance of single traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait, and these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When solving genetics problems, which tool is typically used to map out potential offspring genotypes?

    <p>Punnett square</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis regarding chromosome number?

    <p>Chromosome number is halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis leads to the introduction of genetic variation through crossing over?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>Through the process of random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To introduce genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Within the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of RNA nucleotides composed of?

    <p>Ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic code from DNA to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the structure of RNA from DNA?

    <p>RNA not forming a double helix like DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process do the daughter cells exhibit genetic diversity among themselves and from the parent cell?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is defined as a segment of DNA that contains the code for a specific trait?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>To maintain species-specific chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two different forms of a gene occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes, what are they referred to as?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis II, what is ensured about the end products of cell division?

    <p>They are haploid but genetically varied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle besides the nucleus contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Energy Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is chloroplast DNA primarily essential for function in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component plays a crucial role in organizing and compacting DNA within the cell nucleus?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme facilitates the joining of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA polymerase contribute to the fidelity of DNA replication?

    <p>Corrects errors in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what happens when the replication forks meet at the termination stage?

    <p>Ligase enzymes join Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding DNA replication in the context of genetic diversity?

    <p>It contributes to mutations and genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) within the cell?

    <p>Ribosomes in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for delivering amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carry genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure plays a critical role in facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RNA, what is the role of uracil (U) compared to DNA?

    <p>Uracil replaces thymine in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which nucleotide pairs with adenine on the DNA template strand to form mRNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does tRNA play during protein synthesis in translation?

    <p>Carrying specific amino acids and recognizing mRNA codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis I involves the alignment of homologous chromosomes at the cell equator?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increases genetic diversity among offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular location does the elongation phase of translation occur?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the specific base pairing in DNA replication?

    <p>It ensures genetic information is faithfully transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transferring amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding genetic variability?

    <p>Meiosis involves crossing over, increasing genetic variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase in meiosis I involves the alignment of homologous chromosome pairs on the equator of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an organism with two different alleles at a specific gene locus?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>To maintain species-specific chromosome numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis II do centromeres divide, and the spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids towards opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key importance of meiosis in relation to chromosome number maintenance?

    <p>Halving the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific genetic condition that can result from non-disjunction during meiosis involving chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic mechanism contributes significantly to genetic diversity during meiosis by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis in terms of daughter cells produced?

    <p>Four haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In incomplete dominance, what is the phenotype observed in heterozygous individuals?

    <p>Traits blend to form an intermediate phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves both alleles being equally expressed, leading to a phenotype showing both traits without blending?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an organism possesses two alleles for a particular trait and these alleles segregate during gamete formation, which genetic principle is being followed?

    <p>Mendel's Law of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cross focuses on the inheritance of single traits from parents to offspring?

    <p>Monohybrid cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to James Watson and Francis Crick proposing the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

    <p>X-ray crystallography by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nucleotides in DNA consist of?

    <p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the specific pairing between adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine critical in DNA replication?

    <p>For accurate copying during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the regulatory regions in DNA?

    <p>Regulate gene expression levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enabling photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Help compact DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular location plays a critical role in both genetic inheritance and cellular metabolism?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what ensures the fidelity by correcting errors or mismatches in base pairing?

    <p>DNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

    <p>Identifying individuals based on unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of DNA replication in terms of genetic information?

    <p>Ensuring genetic integrity and continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which type of bond breakage allows the DNA double helix to unwind?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mRNA formed and what is its function?

    <p>Formed in the cytoplasm, mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In translation, what is the role of tRNA's anticodon in relation to mRNA?

    <p>It matches the codon sequence on the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the first meiotic division (Meiosis I) from mitosis in terms of chromosome behavior?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes align at the cell equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of RNA nucleotides?

    <p>RNA nucleotides contain a ribose sugar and uracil base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA replication to ensure accurate DNA synthesis?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does a newly formed mRNA strand exit after transcription for further processing in protein synthesis?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivering amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RNA differ from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>RNA contains uracil while DNA contains thymine bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Introducing genetic variation through crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Centromeres divide, and sister chromatids move to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of non-disjunction during meiosis, what can happen to the chromosome number?

    <p>Increases or decreases, leading to an abnormal gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase in meiosis introduces genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining the correct chromosome number crucial in sexual reproduction?

    <p>To prevent chromosomal abnormalities like Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between incomplete dominance and complete dominance?

    <p>Incomplete dominance results in a blend or intermediate phenotype, whereas complete dominance shows only the dominant trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, what is the phenotypic ratio often observed when dealing with traits exhibiting complete dominance?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes co-dominance?

    <p>Both alleles in the pair are fully expressed, showing both traits without blending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gregor Mendel's Principle of Segregation state?

    <p>An organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait, and these alleles segregate during formation of gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in chromosome behavior between mitosis and meiosis regarding chromosome pairing?

    <p>In mitosis, chromosomes do not form pairs, while in meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the outcome of Telophase in meiosis I correctly?

    <p>Results in two haploid daughter cells that are not identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of dominant alleles compared to recessive alleles?

    <p>Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles in the phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Meiosis II and Mitosis regarding their end products?

    <p>Meiosis II generates haploid cells that are not genetically varied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains DNA essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>Hereditary characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Creating genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from nuclear DNA?

    <p>Plays role in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, during which phase of the cell cycle does the process occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of histones in relation to DNA's structure and function?

    <p>Packaging DNA into chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During protein synthesis, what is the sequence of events according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Transcribing DNA into mRNA, then translating mRNA into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>To ensure a more accurate replication process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the termination stage of DNA replication involve?

    <p>Meeting of the replication forks and ligase action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpretation of DNA profiles approached cautiously in forensic analysis?

    <p>To account for human errors and laboratory differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA replication contribute to genetic variation within populations despite being a highly accurate process?

    <p>By introducing mutations during replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chiasmata during meiosis?

    <p>They increase genetic diversity through crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what is the function of the stop codon on mRNA?

    <p>Signals the end of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a ribosome in translation?

    <p>Forms peptide bonds between amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the separation of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation?

    <p>Deliver amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Within the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>RNA has a ribose sugar while DNA has a deoxyribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transporting amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with extra chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to the maintenance of chromosome number from one generation to the next?

    <p>By halving the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the significance of genetic variation introduced by meiosis?

    <p>Genetic variation contributes to species adaptability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the outcome of mitosis and meiosis in terms of daughter cells produced?

    <p>Meiosis produces genetically unique daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept refers to a type of inheritance where both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Co-Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heterozygous individuals, which genetic situation results in an intermediate phenotype rather than one allele masking the other?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any trait and these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dominance describes a genetic situation where one allele masks the presence of another allele in the phenotype?

    <p>Complete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetics cross involving plant stem height, if tall (T) and short (t) alleles combine to produce medium height plants (Tt), what genetic concept is being exhibited?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the behavior of chromosomes during anaphase in mitosis from meiosis I?

    <p>In mitosis, centromeres split, and chromatids move to opposite poles, while whole chromosomes are pulled to poles in meiosis I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines the genotype of an organism?

    <p>The genetic makeup determining specific characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what describes a situation where the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition?

    <p>Complete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the Law of Dominance?

    <p>All individuals of the first generation will exhibit the dominant trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Prophase I of Meiosis I that distinguishes it from Prophase in mitosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes pair up in Prophase I of Meiosis I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the double helix structure of DNA?

    <p>It ensures faithful transmission of genetic information during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central dogma of molecular biology primarily concerned with?

    <p>The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hydrogen bonds contribute to the stability of the DNA double helix?

    <p>They provide a weak but crucial interaction between base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of regulatory regions in DNA?

    <p>Controlling gene expression and protein production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed in the cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitates assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that forms the structural framework of an RNA molecule?

    <p>Phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process converts the genetic information from DNA into functional proteins?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Producing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular organelle is chloroplast DNA primarily essential for a specific cellular process?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hereditary role of nuclear DNA in organisms?

    <p>Carry genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the role of histones in relation to DNA structure?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, when a tRNA's anticodon matches a codon on the mRNA, what occurs next?

    <p>The tRNA releases the amino acid it carries onto the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Anaphase I of Meiosis I that contributes to genetic diversity?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of Prophase I in Meiosis I?

    <p>Crossing over, allowing for genetic material exchange between chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes a key difference between DNA replication and transcription?

    <p>DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, while transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Catalyzing peptide bond formation between amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what happens in the Elongation stage?

    <p>DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proofreading abilities of DNA polymerases in DNA replication?

    <p>Correcting errors and mismatches in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a type of inheritance where both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of non-disjunction during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Formation of an extra chromosome in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's Principle of Segregation, when do alleles segregate during the formation of gametes?

    <p>During gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Prophase II of meiosis, what structural change occurs to the chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes condense and become visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nuclear envelopes play during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Dissolving to allow spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle explains that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait and that these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of meiosis does the introduction of genetic variation primarily occur?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in incomplete dominance that is different from complete dominance?

    <p>Only one allele is visible in heterozygous individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for chromosomes to align randomly at the equator during meiosis?

    <p>To maintain a constant chromosome number in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical, while daughter cells in meiosis are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Anaphase in mitosis compared to Anaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>In mitosis, chromatids move to opposite poles, while whole chromosomes are pulled to poles in Anaphase I of meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the distinction between homozygous and heterozygous organisms?

    <p>Homozygous organisms have two identical alleles, while heterozygous organisms have two different alleles for a trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept of genetics explains why dominant alleles are expressed regardless of the allele combination?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromatin in the nucleus before cell division?

    <p>It condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enables photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>Produces energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of Prophase I in Meiosis I?

    <p>Crossing over and genetic recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of histones in relation to DNA?

    <p>Stabilizing DNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the significance of ligase enzymes?

    <p>Joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA profiling, what is the purpose of comparing the spacing, thickness, and intensity of bands?

    <p>Matching evidence and reference DNA samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerases in DNA replication?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpreting DNA profiles approached cautiously in forensic analysis?

    <p>Considering differences between individuals and potential sources of error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the cell?

    <p>Facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which main cellular location is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) found?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>RNA forms a double helix, unlike DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the halving effect in meiosis?

    <p>It maintains the correct chromosome number in offspring after fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept is NOT associated with the applications of DNA profiling mentioned in the text?

    <p>Organisms' population dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does messenger RNA (mRNA) contribute to protein synthesis in cells?

    <p>It transports genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process during meiosis results in new combinations of genes on each chromosome?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Formation of abnormal gametes with extra chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Meiosis results in haploid daughter cells while mitosis results in diploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Prophase I of meiosis, what occurs between homologous chromosomes to increase genetic diversity?

    <p>Crossing over and exchange of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In abnormal meiosis, which error can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes?

    <p>Non-disjunction during Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of transcription occur?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

    <p>Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Meiosis I division in gamete formation?

    <p>Reduces the chromosome number by half in gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication in ensuring genetic continuity from one generation to another?

    <p>It ensures that each new cell receives a complete set of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the two strands of DNA held together in the double helix structure?

    <p>By hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event accurately describes the relationship between mRNA and proteins during protein synthesis?

    <p>Translation of mRNA into proteins occurs in the ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA regulatory regions in cells?

    <p>They control the expression of genes to determine protein production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases critical during DNA replication?

    <p>To prevent mutations and errors in the copied genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic variability?

    <p>Daughter cells from meiosis are genetically different, contrasting with mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chromosomes behave differently during metaphase I of meiosis compared to metaphase of mitosis?

    <p>In metaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs line up compared to individual chromosomes in mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves a segment of DNA that contains the code for a specific trait?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>To condense and organize DNA for cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what describes the situation where both alleles in a gene pair are fully expressed without blending into an intermediate phenotype?

    <p>Complete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between complete dominance and incomplete dominance in terms of phenotype expression?

    <p>Complete dominance masks the presence of one allele, while incomplete dominance results in a blend or intermediate phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept explains the occurrence of pink flowers in certain plants when red and white flowers are crossed?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross involving a plant with genotype Tt for stem height (T = tall, t = short), what would be the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring according to Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

    <p>3:1 tall to short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type in humans is an example of co-dominance where both A and B alleles are equally expressed?

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mendel's Principle of Segregation in genetics?

    <p>It ensures that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the inheritance of color-blindness in humans differ from that of blood types?

    <p>Color-blindness alleles are autosomal, while blood type alleles are sex-linked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon allows individuals with the AB blood type to express both IA and IB alleles?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a woman who is a carrier for color-blindness (XBXb) marries a color-blind man (XbY), what is the probability of having a color-blind son?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a population where 36% have the blood type A and 9% have the blood type AB, what percentage of individuals are likely to be heterozygous for the A allele?

    <p>24%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood type inheritance pattern does the O blood type follow?

    <p>Complete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic composition of a color-blind woman's father if she is affected by color-blindness?

    <p>XbXb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During dihybrid crosses, if two plants with genotypes TtPp are crossed, what percentage of the offspring would be expected to exhibit the recessive phenotypes for both traits?

    <p>~25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, making them more susceptible to X-linked disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the genotype of a female carrier of haemophilia?

    <p>XHXh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains why a male with the Xh allele will manifest haemophilia?

    <p>The male has no second X chromosome to provide a protective dominant allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes red-green color blindness, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>A lack of proteins in the retina that make up the red or green cones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex-linked disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked inheritance, why do females need two copies of the recessive allele to manifest haemophilia?

    <p>The presence of two X chromosomes provides a protective effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sex-linked traits and disorders more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes difficulty in distinguishing between red and green colors in individuals with red-green color blindness?

    <p>A deficiency in proteins that make up red or green cones in the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of DNA mutations lead to changes in an organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to the situation where organisms with traits that allow them to survive are more likely to pass on their genes?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biotechnological activity focuses on modifying the genetic makeup of an organism to enhance or introduce specific traits?

    <p>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the creation of a genetically identical copy of an organism, either naturally or artificially?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic engineering activity involves using stem cells from sources like bone marrow, embryonic stem cells, and umbilical cord blood for medical treatments?

    <p>Stem Cell Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome aberration arises when non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis leads to an abnormal number of chromosome 21?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information can genetic lineages, also known as pedigree diagrams, help trace?

    <p>Inheritance of characteristics over multiple generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Offspring of two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are males represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Squares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is crucial in determining whether a trait is dominant or recessive in pedigree analysis?

    <p>Identifying the pattern of trait appearance in the lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of shaded symbols in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>They indicate individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a trait appears in some generations but skips others in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>The trait is likely recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one deduce whether the trait being tracked in a pedigree diagram is dominant or recessive?

    <p>By observing if the trait is present in every generation or skips certain generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between blood grouping and DNA profiling in paternity testing?

    <p>Blood grouping compares blood samples, while DNA profiling analyzes nucleotide sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered a more reliable method for paternity testing than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling examines nucleotide sequences inherited from parents, offering a clear indication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the comparison of DNA fragments between a child and a potential father aid in paternity testing?

    <p>By identifying unique DNA fragments shared between the two individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, why is it essential to compare the nucleotide sequences between a child and a potential father?

    <p>To confirm biological parentage with high accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of identifying a 50% match in DNA fragments between a child and a potential father in paternity testing?

    <p>It implies a strong genetic similarity between the child and potential father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DNA profiling play in paternity testing compared to other methods like blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling provides more conclusive evidence than blood grouping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the principle of 50% inheritance of DNA fragments contribute to establishing paternity?

    <p>By demonstrating a clear genetic link between the child and potential father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does comparing nucleotide sequences in DNA profiling enhance paternity testing compared to other methods?

    <p>It allows for direct comparison of genetic information inherited from parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders, such as haemophilia and color-blindness, more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, making them more susceptible to recessive X-linked disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for haemophilia, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Homozygosity for the recessive allele on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of haemophilia, what does it mean for a female to be a carrier?

    <p>She possesses one normal and one mutant allele for the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of red-green color blindness, a sex-linked disorder?

    <p>Lack of proteins in the retina that make up red or green cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are women less commonly affected by red-green color blindness compared to men?

    <p>Women have two X chromosomes which can compensate for the mutated allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between red-green color blindness and haemophilia in terms of genetic inheritance?

    <p>Red-green color blindness can manifest in females, while haemophilia can only manifest in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic feature allows females to carry the gene for hemophilia without showing symptoms?

    <p>'XX' genotypic makeup with one carrying the mutant allele 'Xh'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a trait shows up in every generation in a pedigree diagram, what type of trait is it likely to be?

    <p>Dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of analyzing pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To identify carriers of recessive traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked traits, what do special symbols or shading patterns differentiate between?

    <p>Affected and unaffected females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When interpreting a pedigree, what is crucial for accurate analysis?

    <p>Considering all potential genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic helps distinguish males and females in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Different symbol shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>The offspring of two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of paternity testing using DNA profiling?

    <p>To examine similarities between nucleotide sequences in the DNA of the father and child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process provides a more conclusive indication of paternity in paternity testing?

    <p>Analyzing DNA fragments from the child and potential father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of using blood grouping for paternity testing?

    <p>Many individuals sharing the same blood group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable evidence for paternity than blood grouping?

    <p>DNA profiling analyzes genetic material unique to each individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what do similarities between DNA fragments of the child and potential father indicate?

    <p>The potential father likely has a familial relationship with the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes DNA profiling from blood grouping in determining paternity?

    <p>DNA profiling examines unique genetic material while blood grouping only identifies blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using only blood group comparison for paternity testing?

    <p>'Universal donors' can match multiple potential fathers' blood groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling support the claim of paternity?

    <p>By comparing nucleotide sequences in the father's DNA with that of the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross of Mendel's pea plants, if both parents are homozygous dominant for both traits, what are the possible genotypes of the offspring?

    <p>All homozygous dominant for both traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of producing an offspring with genotype TtPp in a dihybrid cross if the parental genotypes are TtPp and TtPp?

    <p>1/16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept explains the inheritance of blood types A, B, AB, and O in humans?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a color-blind woman (XbXb) has a son with normal vision (XBY), what is the genotype of the father?

    <p>XbY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of independent assortment in dihybrid crosses?

    <p>It ensures all possible allele combinations are equally likely in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering blood type inheritance, what does it mean for IA and IB alleles to be co-dominant?

    <p>'A' and 'B' blood types will be equally expressed in individuals with IAIB genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetic disorders like haemophilia and color-blindness, why do males have a higher chance of being affected than females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome, making them more susceptible to recessive X-linked disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes harmful mutations from harmless mutations in terms of their effect on cells?

    <p>Harmful mutations involve changes in non-coding DNA, while harmless mutations alter DNA responsible for producing specific proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes useful mutations from harmful mutations?

    <p>Useful mutations contribute to natural selection by enhancing survival chances, while harmful mutations alter DNA for protein production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main genetic difference between haemophilia and colour-blindness?

    <p>Haemophilia is caused by a recessive gene mutation, while colour-blindness is sex-linked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chromosome aberrations differ from gene mutations?

    <p>Chromosome aberrations involve changes in DNA sequence, while gene mutations alter chromosome number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does genetic engineering differ from biotechnology?

    <p>Genetic engineering modifies genetic makeup to express desired traits, while biotechnology uses living organisms for human purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using stem cells derived from bone marrow over embryonic stem cells?

    <p>Bone marrow stem cells do not raise ethical concerns, while embryonic stem cells can replace damaged cells more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does genetic engineering benefit agriculture with regard to genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>GMOs lead to more resilient and abundant crops, reducing the need for pesticides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes natural cloning from artificial cloning processes?

    <p>Natural cloning involves creating genetically identical copies of organisms, while artificial cloning focuses on producing GMOs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of alleles result in the AB blood type in humans?

    <p>IA and IB (co-dominant)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do genes segregate in dihybrid crosses according to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?

    <p>Independently from one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the genotype of a male affected by color-blindness?

    <p>XbY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind females needing two copies of the recessive allele to manifest haemophilia?

    <p>Due to X chromosome inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood type O arise in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>By inheriting a double dose of i allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic traits are controlled by multiple alleles?

    <p>Height and flower color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are blood groups considered inconclusive in establishing paternity?

    <p>Due to shared commonality among populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of using a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To predict the likelihood of offspring genotypes and phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis of haemophilia?

    <p>Recessive allele on the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a female become affected by haemophilia?

    <p>Having two copies of the X chromosome with the recessive allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of red-green color blindness?

    <p>Lack of proteins making up red or green cones in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are males more likely to inherit red-green color blindness?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome and are more susceptible to X-linked disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the chromosomal composition between males and females?

    <p>Presence of sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sex-linked disorders like haemophilia more prevalent in males than in females?

    <p>Males inherit two copies of the recessive allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic cause of color blindness, particularly red-green color blindness?

    <p>Lack of proteins that make up red or green cones in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle in a pedigree diagram represent?

    <p>Mating between the two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are individuals expressing a particular trait typically represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Shaded symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of shaded symbols in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Represent individuals expressing a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine if a particular trait is likely dominant or recessive in pedigree analysis?

    <p>If the trait skips generations, it's likely recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interpreting pedigrees, what does it mean if two parents do not express a recessive trait but their child does?

    <p>Both parents are carriers of the recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individuals are typically represented by squares in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a trait shows up in every generation in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>The trait is likely dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA mutation affects the organism's physical appearance or functioning due to incorrect or defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one deduce whether a trait is dominant or recessive based on its appearance in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>'If the trait shows up in every generation, it's likely dominant; if it skips generations, it's likely recessive'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of genetic engineering in GMO creation?

    <p>Higher food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by an autosomal gene mutation leading to faulty haemoglobin molecules and abnormally shaped red blood cells?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of biotechnology?

    <p>Using living organisms for human needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of stem cells in medical treatments?

    <p>Replacing damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to natural selection by allowing organisms with advantageous traits to survive and pass on their genes?

    <p>Useful Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves creating a genetically identical copy of an organism?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis that can lead to genetic diversity?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes do not separate properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to determine paternity in cases where blood grouping is inconclusive?

    <p>Comparing DNA profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of finding a 50% match in DNA fragments between a child and a potential father in paternity testing?

    <p>It indicates a high probability of the potential father being the biological father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of DNA is primarily examined to determine paternity conclusively?

    <p>Nucleotide sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA profiling considered more reliable evidence for paternity testing compared to blood grouping?

    <p>DNA provides unique genetic information specific to individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) differ from regular cell division?

    <p>It requires the removal of a cell's nucleus and insertion into an egg cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do ethical debates often focus on embryonic stem cell research in genetic engineering?

    <p>Embryonic stem cell research raises moral concerns due to embryo destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symbols are used to represent males and females in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males are represented by squares and females by circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are individuals expressing a specific trait typically depicted in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Unshaded symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a horizontal line connecting a square and a circle in a pedigree diagram indicate?

    <p>Mating between two individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sex-linked traits, what do special shading patterns or symbols aim to differentiate?

    <p>Affected and unaffected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on pedigree diagrams, how can you determine if a trait is likely dominant or recessive?

    <p>If the trait appears in every generation, it's likely dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Punnett squares play in genetics when predicting offspring outcomes?

    <p>Predicting offspring genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pedigree Diagrams, what does a vertical line leading downwards from parents to offspring symbolize?

    <p>Inheritance of traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Interpreting Pedigree Diagrams' primarily involves deducing which of the following?

    <p>Relationships, genotypes, or probabilities based on the diagram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis for the AB blood type in humans?

    <p>Co-dominance between two alleles: IA and i</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants with tallness and flower color, what would be the genotype of a plant with white flowers that is heterozygous for plant height?

    <p>TtPp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sex-linked disorders like color-blindness and haemophilia differ in their inheritance patterns compared to other genetic disorders?

    <p>Males have a higher chance of being affected due to having one X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the expression of blood type A and blood type B in humans?

    <p>IB dominates over i in blood type B individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving two pea plants that are heterozygous for both traits, what is the probability of their offspring being homozygous recessive for both characteristics?

    <p>$\dfrac{1}{16}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males have a higher chance of being color-blind compared to females in terms of sex-linked inheritance?

    <p>Males receive one X chromosome from their mother, increasing the likelihood of inheriting the color-blindness allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic principle explains why individuals with blood type O can donate blood to those with any other blood type in an emergency?

    <p>Blood type O does not express the A or B antigens on red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders, such as haemophilia and color-blindness, more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, so if they inherit the allele for a disorder on the X chromosome, it will be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic situation explains why females can be carriers of X-linked disorders without showing symptoms?

    <p>Heterozygous with one normal allele and one recessive allele on the X chromosome (XHXh).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of prolonged bleeding in individuals with haemophilia?

    <p>A deficiency in clotting factors due to a recessive allele on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines the genotype of a female with haemophilia?

    <p>XhXh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to difficulty in distinguishing between red and green colors in individuals with red-green color blindness?

    <p>A lack of proteins that make up the red or green cones in the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do individuals with red-green color blindness have difficulty distinguishing between red and green colors?

    <p>They lack proteins that make up the red or green cones in the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the genetic composition of males differ from that of females with regard to sex chromosomes?

    <p>Males have one X and one Y chromosome while females have two X chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sex-linked traits and disorders more commonly associated with genes on the X chromosome compared to those on the Y chromosome?

    <p>The X chromosome contains more genes than the Y chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of genetic engineering?

    <p>Modifying the genetic makeup of an organism to introduce specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genetic conditions is caused by a gene mutation affecting the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules?

    <p>Sickle Cell Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cloning involve in biotechnology?

    <p>Modifying the genetic material of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do useful mutations differ from harmful mutations in genetics?

    <p>Useful mutations enhance an organism's survival chances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chromosomal aberrations from gene mutations?

    <p>Gene mutations alter the DNA sequence, while chromosomal aberrations change chromosome numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of stem cells that makes them unique?

    <p>' potential to develop into different types of body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do GMOs contribute to food security?

    <p>' By creating more abundant and resilient crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using DNA profiling over blood grouping for paternity testing?

    <p>Blood grouping cannot confirm paternity definitively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider ethical implications in genetic engineering?

    <p>To ensure the benefits are realized without negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what does it indicate if 50% of the child's DNA matches that of the potential father?

    <p>The man is the biological father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the significance of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in cloning?

    <p>SCNT allows for direct cloning from adult cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical concern arises from genetic engineering involving the modification of genetic material across different species?

    <p>Ethical debates on genetic modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes therapeutic cloning different from reproductive cloning?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning involves creating embryos for research purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cells?

    <p>Facilitate energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to the nucleus, where else is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts (in plants)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosomes are structures made up of DNA and what other component?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>Enables photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme synthesizes a short RNA primer necessary for DNA polymerases to initiate the synthesis of the new DNA strand?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication for genetic diversity within populations?

    <p>Contributes to genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during elongation in DNA replication?

    <p>DNA Polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of proofreading abilities in DNA polymerases during replication?

    <p>Correct errors or mismatches in base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily located within the cell?

    <p>Within the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transports amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>DNA is single-stranded while RNA forms a double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotide base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information in living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, where does the process take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main significance of DNA replication in ensuring genetic continuity?

    <p>Ensuring each new cell receives a complete set of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of DNA structure was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953?

    <p>Double helix model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

    <p>Meiosis produces four daughter cells, while mitosis produces two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Generation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mRNA molecule during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transferring genetic information from DNA to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chromosome separation during meiosis?

    <p>Maintains a constant chromosome number from one generation to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity in species?

    <p>Through random assortment and crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what is the role of tRNA's anticodon?

    <p>Match with codons on mRNA to bring specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the formation of bivalents and crossing over?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the stop codon during translation in protein synthesis?

    <p>Signals the end of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does meiosis primarily occur in plants for the production of spores and gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what describes the situation where neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blend or intermediate phenotype in heterozygous individuals?

    <p>Co-Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cornerstone genetic principle stating that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait, and these alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of inheritance where both alleles in a gene pair are fully expressed, leading to a phenotype that shows both traits without blending?

    <p>Co-Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of genetic cross do we focus on the inheritance of single traits?

    <p>Monohybrid crosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical, while in meiosis they are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term used to describe different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law of genetics states that when two homozygous organisms with contrasting traits are crossed, all individuals of the first generation will display the dominant trait?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic situation occurs when the dominant allele completely masks the expression of the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition?

    <p>Complete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

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