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Questions and Answers
What is the primary process used by prokaryotes for cell division?
What is the primary process used by prokaryotes for cell division?
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Budding
- Binary fission (correct)
During which type of mitosis do chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus?
During which type of mitosis do chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus?
- Amitosis
- Closed mitosis (correct)
- Cytokinesis
- Open mitosis
Which of the following cells undergoes meiosis instead of mitosis?
Which of the following cells undergoes meiosis instead of mitosis?
- Sperm cells (correct)
- Skin cells
- Liver cells
- Bone cells
Who coined the term 'mitosis'?
Who coined the term 'mitosis'?
What is the shape change that occurs in animal cells at the beginning of mitosis called?
What is the shape change that occurs in animal cells at the beginning of mitosis called?
What is the primary outcome of the mitotic process?
What is the primary outcome of the mitotic process?
What occurs during the S phase of interphase preceding mitosis?
What occurs during the S phase of interphase preceding mitosis?
In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the cell's equator?
In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align at the cell's equator?
What can be a result of errors during mitosis?
What can be a result of errors during mitosis?
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
What is the role of spindle fibers during mitosis?
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Study Notes
Overview of Mitosis
- Mitosis is a process where replicated chromosomes are separated into two identical nuclei.
- It results in genetically identical daughter cells while maintaining the total chromosome number.
Cell Cycle Context
- Occurs after the S phase of interphase, where DNA replication takes place.
- Followed by telophase and cytokinesis, dividing the cytoplasm and organelles into two new cells.
Stages of Mitosis
- Mitosis comprises several stages: preprophase (specific to plants), prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Chromosomes condense and attach to spindle fibers to ensure equal separation during the process.
Errors in Mitosis
- Abnormalities can lead to tripolar (three daughter cells) or multipolar (more than two daughter cells) mitosis.
- Such errors may result in non-viable embryos, mitotic catastrophe, apoptosis, or mutations, potentially leading to cancer.
Variations in Mitosis
- Mitosis occurs exclusively in eukaryotic cells, differing between organisms:
- Animal cells usually undergo open mitosis with nuclear envelope breakdown.
- Fungal cells typically experience closed mitosis with division inside an intact nucleus.
- Many animal cells exhibit mitotic cell rounding, adopting a spherical shape at the onset of mitosis.
Mitosis and Cell Division
- Most human cells are produced via mitosis; gametes (sperm and eggs) arise through meiosis.
- Prokaryotes, such as bacteria and archaea, divide by binary fission, a distinct mechanism due to the absence of a true nucleus.
Historical Contributions
- The study of cell division began in the 18th and 19th centuries with various observations and theories.
- Hugo von Mohl (1835) documented cell division in green algae.
- Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838) contributed to cell multiplication theories in plants.
- Wacław Mayzel (1875) first described mitosis in animal cells.
- The term "mitosis" was introduced by Walther Flemming in 1882, originating from the Greek "mitos" meaning "warp."
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