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What is the primary outcome of mitosis?
What is the primary outcome of mitosis?
Meiosis results in diploid daughter cells.
Meiosis results in diploid daughter cells.
False
How many chromosomes does each human cell possess?
How many chromosomes does each human cell possess?
46
During DNA replication, two strands of the DNA double helix separate, and each strand produces a new ________ strand.
During DNA replication, two strands of the DNA double helix separate, and each strand produces a new ________ strand.
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Match the stages of mitosis with their correct descriptions:
Match the stages of mitosis with their correct descriptions:
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What is Interphase primarily responsible for during the cell cycle?
What is Interphase primarily responsible for during the cell cycle?
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In onion cells, the total number of chromosomes is 16.
In onion cells, the total number of chromosomes is 16.
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What type of cells undergo mitosis for growth and damage repair?
What type of cells undergo mitosis for growth and damage repair?
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What is the main reason for using onion root tips in this experiment?
What is the main reason for using onion root tips in this experiment?
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Older or dried onion roots are more effective for viewing mitosis than fresh roots.
Older or dried onion roots are more effective for viewing mitosis than fresh roots.
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What is the recommended duration for letting the onions rest in water?
What is the recommended duration for letting the onions rest in water?
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The lower surface of the onion should be in contact with __________.
The lower surface of the onion should be in contact with __________.
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Match the observations with the likely inferences after specific time frames:
Match the observations with the likely inferences after specific time frames:
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Which item is NOT required for the experiment?
Which item is NOT required for the experiment?
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To support smaller onions, splints or toothpicks are used.
To support smaller onions, splints or toothpicks are used.
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What should students observe under a 10X magnification during the experiment?
What should students observe under a 10X magnification during the experiment?
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What is the primary function of cells in the GO stage?
What is the primary function of cells in the GO stage?
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Cells in interphase are not involved in DNA replication.
Cells in interphase are not involved in DNA replication.
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Name the three main phases of interphase.
Name the three main phases of interphase.
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During prophase, the _____ membrane disintegrates, freeing the chromosomes.
During prophase, the _____ membrane disintegrates, freeing the chromosomes.
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Match the stages of interphase to their descriptions:
Match the stages of interphase to their descriptions:
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During which phase do chromosomes condense and become visible?
During which phase do chromosomes condense and become visible?
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Chromatin is tightly packed during interphase.
Chromatin is tightly packed during interphase.
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What happens to the chromatin during interphase?
What happens to the chromatin during interphase?
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What is the role of the kinetochore during mitosis?
What is the role of the kinetochore during mitosis?
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The nuclear membrane remains intact during prometaphase.
The nuclear membrane remains intact during prometaphase.
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What information do sister chromatids contain?
What information do sister chromatids contain?
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During __________, chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell.
During __________, chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell.
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Match the stages of mitosis with their characteristics:
Match the stages of mitosis with their characteristics:
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What occurs during prometaphase?
What occurs during prometaphase?
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The nuclear envelope is completely absent by the end of metaphase.
The nuclear envelope is completely absent by the end of metaphase.
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What is the significance of the spindle fibers during mitosis?
What is the significance of the spindle fibers during mitosis?
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What is the main function of the enzyme separase during cell division?
What is the main function of the enzyme separase during cell division?
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During telophase, the nuclear envelope is formed around each set of chromosomes.
During telophase, the nuclear envelope is formed around each set of chromosomes.
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What are the two types of microtubules mentioned in the division process?
What are the two types of microtubules mentioned in the division process?
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In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a ___.
In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a ___.
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Match the following stages/processes of cell division to their descriptions:
Match the following stages/processes of cell division to their descriptions:
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What occurs to the spindle fibers during telophase?
What occurs to the spindle fibers during telophase?
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Animal cells and plant cells undergo cytokinesis in the same manner.
Animal cells and plant cells undergo cytokinesis in the same manner.
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Which organelles release carbohydrate filled vesicles during cytokinesis in plant cells?
Which organelles release carbohydrate filled vesicles during cytokinesis in plant cells?
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Study Notes
Mitosis Overview
- Genetic information in eukaryotes is stored in chromosomes; humans have 46 chromosomes, while onions have 8.
- Cell division occurs when cells replicate their DNA, resulting in two identical DNA molecules from one original strand.
- Mitosis is the type of cell division in normal eukaryotic cells, producing diploid daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent cell.
- Mitosis plays a critical role in growth and repair, such as wound healing.
- Mitosis consists of several stages: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Interphase
- Interphase is a preparatory phase for cell division, characterized by DNA replication and cellular preparation.
- Although not a mitotic phase, cells in interphase can be identified by prominent nucleoli.
- During interphase, chromatin is uncoiled and not tightly packed, allowing for DNA transcription and replication.
- Interphase consists of three phases:
- G1 Phase: Cell growth and normal activities.
- S Phase: DNA is replicated, doubling the genetic content.
- G2 Phase: Cell prepares for division.
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
- Chromosomes supercoil and spindle apparatus fibers form between centrosomes.
- The nuclear membrane disintegrates, allowing chromosomes to enter the cytoplasm.
- Chromatids become visible, forming X-shaped chromosomes; sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.
Prometaphase
- Chromosomes condense further, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Kinetochore develops around the centromere, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are moved toward the cell center by attached spindle fibers.
Metaphase
- Chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell, preparing for separation.
- The nuclear envelope is absent, making chromosomes visible in the cytoplasm.
- Enzyme separase breaks down cohesin, allowing sister chromatids to be pulled apart by spindle fibers.
Anaphase
- Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles by microtubules.
- Spindle fibers shorten, with astral microtubules helping to pull the poles apart.
Telophase
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles, and nuclear envelopes start to form around each set.
- DNA uncoils as genetic material prepares for future replication.
- Spindle fibers disassemble as their function concludes.
Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- In plant cells, vesicles from the Golgi body form a cell plate due to the presence of a rigid cell wall, unlike the pinching method seen in animal cells.
Onion Root Tip Experiment
- Onion root tips grow rapidly due to cell division, facilitating the study of mitosis stages.
- Fresh onion bulbs are preferred for optimal results; aged bulbs may yield poor observations.
- Cells can be observed under a microscope at 10X magnification to identify distinct mitosis stages.
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Description
Test your understanding of mitosis, the process of cell division in eukaryotic organisms. This quiz covers essential concepts such as chromosome numbers in different species and the importance of DNA replication during cell division. Perfect for students studying biology topics related to cell biology and genetics.
