Mitochondria Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process did Lynn Margulis propose for the evolution of mitochondria and plastids?

  • Exocytosis
  • Active transport
  • Mutation
  • Endosymbiosis (correct)
  • What is a common feature of both mitochondria and plastids that supports the endosymbiosis theory?

  • Absence of enzymes
  • Presence of ribosomes
  • Double membrane structure (correct)
  • Lack of DNA
  • Which organelles are believed to have evolved from Bacteria based on the endosymbiosis theory?

  • Mitochondria and plastids (correct)
  • Chloroplasts and ribosomes
  • Nucleus and Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria and lysosomes
  • What is a function commonly associated with plastids?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One common feature between mitochondria and plastids is their ability to:

    <p>Generate ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common feature between mitochondria and plastids?

    <p>Production of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the single cell photosynthetic organisms extracted from the lake are concluded to be eukaryotes and not bacteria?

    <p>The thylakoids are stacked and there is a double membrane around the compartment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of plastids contradicts the belief that they only have a single purpose of photosynthesis?

    <p>Involvement in lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best supports the endosymbiosis theory regarding the origin of plastids?

    <p>Plastids have circular DNA similar to prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of plastids differentiates them from bacteria and supports their eukaryotic nature?

    <p>Development of phycobilisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of mitochondria enables them to produce energy efficiently through aerobic respiration?

    <p>Development of cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chloroplasts respond to and minimize damage caused by excess light exposure?

    <p>They activate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of ATP in all eukaryotes?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of outer membrane invaginations termed cristae?

    <p>Synthesize ATP in all eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein mediates vesicle trafficking by interacting with v-SNARES to facilitate fusion with target membranes?

    <p>t-SNARES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mediator of anterograde trafficking of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi?

    <p>COPII vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for mediating the GTP-dependent movement of cargo along actin filaments?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of mitochondria supports the endosymbiotic theory?

    <p>Divided by a bacterial-derived GTPase FtsZ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endosymbiosis Theory

    • Lynn Margulis proposed the endosymbiosis theory, stating that mitochondria and plastids originated from free-living prokaryotic organisms.
    • Both mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA, distinct from the nuclear DNA of the cell, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.
    • Mitochondria and plastids are believed to have evolved from bacteria, specifically alpha-proteobacteria for mitochondria and cyanobacteria for plastids.
    • Plastids are primarily involved in photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

    Common Features of Mitochondria and Plastids

    • Both mitochondria and plastids have their own ribosomes, which are similar to bacterial ribosomes.
    • Both have a double membrane structure, with an inner and outer membrane.
    • Both are capable of autonomous replication, independent of the host cell's nuclear division.

    Differences Between Mitochondria and Plastids

    • Plastids have pigments like chlorophyll that are responsible for capturing light energy for photosynthesis, while mitochondria lack these pigments.

    Eukaryotic Nature of Photosynthetic Organisms

    • Single-celled photosynthetic organisms extracted from a lake are classified as eukaryotes and not bacteria because they possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, characteristic of eukaryotic cells.

    Multifaceted Function of Plastids

    • Plastids, particularly chloroplasts, contribute to various cellular functions in addition to photosynthesis, including the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, and pigments.

    Evidence for Endosymbiotic Origin of Plastids

    • The presence of a double membrane, with an inner membrane similar to bacterial membranes, provides compelling evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of plastids.

    Eukaryotic Characteristics of Plastids

    • Plastids have a more complex structure than bacteria, with a more extensive internal membrane system.

    Aerobic Respiration in Mitochondria

    • The presence of cristae, which are invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane, increases the surface area, enhancing the efficiency of ATP production during aerobic respiration.

    Chloroplast Protection Against Light Stress

    • Chloroplasts have mechanisms to protect themselves against excessive light exposure, such as dissipating excess light energy as heat or reducing light absorption by pigments.

    ATP Synthesis in Eukaryotes

    • Mitochondria are the primary sites of ATP synthesis in eukaryotes, using the energy from the breakdown of glucose through aerobic respiration.

    Role of Cristae

    • Cristae are invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane that significantly increase the surface area for the electron transport chain, a crucial step in ATP production.

    Vesicle Trafficking

    • The protein SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) plays a central role in vesicle trafficking by mediating the fusion between vesicles and target membranes.

    Anterograde Trafficking

    • The COPII protein coat complex facilitates the anterograde trafficking of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus.

    Motor Protein for Cargo Movement

    • Myosin, a motor protein, is responsible for the GTP-dependent movement of cargo along actin filaments.

    Endosymbiotic Evidence in Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria have their own DNA, distinct from the nuclear DNA, resembling the circular genomes found in bacteria. This independent genetic material strongly supports their bacterial origins and the endosymbiotic theory.

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    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Choose the correct statement that best describes the role of mitochondria in cellular processes.

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