18 Questions
Which of the following is a structure found in chloroplasts?
Thylakoid
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modification and packaging of proteins and lipids
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is the primary function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Storage of hereditary material and control of cellular activities
Which organelle is involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in plants?
Chloroplast
Which organelle is responsible for modifying and transporting proteins within eukaryotic cells?
Golgi apparatus
What is the primary function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
To act as a barrier for ion movement
Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is correct?
It is a pathway for transporting molecules within the cell.
Where are the enzymes involved in the reduction of carbon dioxide to organic material located in chloroplasts?
In the stroma
Which of the following is a function of the Golgi bodies?
Packaging and distributing proteins and lipids
What is the role of the outer chloroplast membrane?
It is highly permeable to allow the movement of molecules.
Which of the following is true about the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
It contains the genetic material of the cell.
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and packaging of proteins in eukaryotic cells?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle is involved in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids in eukaryotic cells?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle is responsible for the photosynthetic process in plant cells?
Chloroplast
Which organelle contains the genetic material and serves as the control center of eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
Which organelle in plant cells contains thylakoid membranes, where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
Which organelle is absent in prokaryotic cells but present in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
Study Notes
Cell Division and Cytoskeleton
- Haploid sex cells are produced from diploid cells by meiosis
- Cytoskeleton is a network of microfilaments and microtubules in eukaryotic cells
- Cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, positions cell organelles, and enables cell motility
Cell Characteristics: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Archaea
- Eukaryotes: Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Plants, and Animals
- Cell size:
- Prokaryotes: 1-2 µm x 1-4 µm or less
- Eukaryotes: Greater than 5 µm
- Cell wall composition:
- Prokaryotes: Peptidoglycan
- Eukaryotes: Cellulose in algae and plants, chitin in fungi, absent in protozoa and animals
- Osmotic control:
- Prokaryotes: Wall provides mechanical strength to counterbalance turgor pressure
- Eukaryotes: Plasma membrane and contractile vacuole maintain osmotic balance
Plasma Membrane and Organelles
- Plasma membrane:
- Prokaryotes: No sterols, except in Mycoplasma
- Eukaryotes: Sterols present
- Mesosomes:
- Prokaryotes: Present, formed by plasma membrane folding
- Eukaryotes: Absent, but analogous structures present in animal cells (microvilli)
- Mitochondria:
- Synthesize ATP within the mitochondrial lumen
- Enzymes involved in ATP production are located within the inner membrane
- Cristae project into the mitochondrial lumen
- Chloroplasts:
- Present in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
- Structures reveal thylakoids, thylakoid membrane, and stroma
Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Bodies
- Ribosomes:
- Prokaryotes: 70S, freely distributed in cytoplasm
- Eukaryotes: 80S, bound to ER
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Absent in prokaryotes
- Present in eukaryotes, providing surface area for protein and lipid synthesis, transporting molecules, and storing synthesized molecules
- Golgi bodies:
- Absent in prokaryotes
- Present in eukaryotes, involved in protein modification and transport
Additional Cell Components
- Lysosomes:
- Absent in prokaryotes
- Present in eukaryotes, involved in cellular digestion
- Peroxisomes:
- Absent in prokaryotes
- Present in eukaryotes, involved in cellular metabolism
- Centrioles:
- Absent in prokaryotes
- Present in eukaryotes, involved in cell division and cilia formation
- Nucleolus:
- Absent in prokaryotes
- Present in eukaryotes, involved in ribosome synthesis
- Vacuoles:
- Absent in prokaryotes
- Present in eukaryotes, involved in cellular storage and recycling
- Flagella and Cilia:
- Present in some prokaryotes and eukaryotes, involved in cell motility
Test your knowledge on the structure and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Learn about ATP production, enzyme locations, DNA replication, and reproduction methods of these organelles.
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