Cell Organelles and Their Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is involved in the process of photosynthesis within chloroplasts?

  • Stroma (correct)
  • Ribosomes
  • Cristae
  • Intermembrane space

    • What type of DNA is found within mitochondria?

  • Mitochondrial DNA (correct)
  • Plasmid DNA
  • Chloroplast DNA
  • Nuclear DNA

    • In which part of the chloroplast are thylakoids located?

  • Stroma
  • Cristae
  • Granum (correct)
  • Outer membrane

    • Which cellular structure is primarily associated with protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter of a chloroplast?

    <p>1 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?

    <p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mitochondria is incorrect?

    <p>They have a single membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microfilaments in muscle cells?

    <p>Facilitating muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which filament is characterized by a diameter of 8-12 nm?

    <p>Intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cell junctions play in tissues?

    <p>They allow physical contact and communication between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate thickness of the plasma membrane?

    <p>10 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of filament is primarily involved in muscle contraction along with actin?

    <p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature do keratin proteins adopt?

    <p>Coiled structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the size difference between actin (7 nm) and myosin filaments?

    <p>It determines their function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the plant cell wall primarily serve?

    <p>Protection and shape maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists?

    <p>Pumping excess water out of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vacuole is primarily associated with holding organic compounds and water in plant cells?

    <p>Central vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chloroplasts from mitochondria?

    <p>Chloroplasts are a type of plastid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is involved in digestion and the breakdown of waste?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peroxisomes play in the cell?

    <p>Breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the autophagosome?

    <p>Enclosing and digesting damaged organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of function, what is the primary role of the central vacuole in plant cells?

    <p>Maintaining turgor pressure and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not involved in the process of autophagy?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is not part of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Regulation of protein traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nuclear pore complexes?

    <p>Regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in the cell?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of chromatin in the nucleus?

    <p>It regulates gene expression and DNA packaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nuclear lamina provide to the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Structural support and organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the endomembrane system contribute to cellular function?

    <p>It regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures directly interacts with ribosomes for protein synthesis?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the Smooth ER?

    <p>Detoxification of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is characterized by having ribosomes on its surface?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How wide is the Rough ER typically described in the content?

    <p>200 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle receives transport vesicles on its ‘cis face’?

    <p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the Smooth ER?

    <p>Producing glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Rough ER play in cellular function?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the Smooth ER?

    <p>It detoxifies drugs and poisons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between Smooth ER and Rough ER?

    <p>Rough ER contains ribosomes and Smooth ER does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Contractile Vacuoles

    • Found in freshwater protists
    • Pump excess water out of cells

    Central Vacuoles

    • Found in many mature plant cells
    • Hold organic compounds and water

    Mitochondria

    • Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
    • Powerhouse of the cell
    • Site of cellular respiration
    • Contains its own DNA that is separate from that of the nucleus
    • Divided into two compartments:
      • Intermembrane space
      • Matrix
    • Inner membrane is folded into cristae, which increase the surface area for ATP production

    Chloroplasts

    • Found in plants and algae
    • Site of photosynthesis
    • Contains its own DNA distinct from the nucleus
    • Enclosed by two membranes
    • Contains a system of internal membranes called thylakoids
    • Thylakoids are stacked into grana
    • Surrounded by a fluid called stroma

    Endomembrane System

    • Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
    • Consists of:
      • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      • Golgi apparatus
      • Lysosomes
      • Vacuoles
      • Peroxisomes

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Two Types:
      • Smooth ER
      • Rough ER

    Smooth ER

    • Lacks ribosomes
    • Metabolizes carbohydrates
    • Detoxifies drugs and poisons
    • Stores calcium ions

    Rough ER

    • Studded with ribosomes
    • Synthesizes proteins
    • Modifies and packages proteins

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Organelle composed of flattened membrane-bound sacs
    • Processes and packages proteins and lipids
    • Sorts and ships proteins to their final destinations
    • Modifies, stores, and ships products of ER

    Lysosomes

    • Membranous sacs of hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that break down macromolecules
    • Carry out intracellular digestion
    • Digest worn-out organelles (autophagy)
    • Digest engulfed bacteria (phagocytosis)

    Peroxisomes

    • Specialized metabolic compartments bound by single membrane
    • Produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct of reactions
    • Break down fatty acids
    • Detoxify alcohol and other toxins
    • Contain enzymes that break down H2O2

    Plasma Membrane

    • Selectively permeable membrane that controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
    • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

    Cytoskeleton

    • Network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
    • Provides structural support
    • Aids in cell movement
    • Controls the organization of the cytoplasm
    • Has three main types of fibers:
      • Microtubules
      • Microfilaments
      • Intermediate filaments

    Microtubules

    • Hollow fibers composed of tubulin
    • Function in maintaining cell shape, cell motility, and movement of organelles
    • Help separate chromosomes during cell division
    • Form tracks for the movement of vesicles and other organelles

    Microfilaments

    • Solid rods composed of actin
    • Function in maintaining cell shape, muscle contraction, and cell motility
    • Involved in cytoplasmic streaming

    Intermediate Filaments

    • Diverse group of fibers
    • Function in maintaining cell shape, anchoring organelles, and forming nuclear lamina

    Plant Cell Wall

    • Provides support, structure, and protection to the cell
    • Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin

    Cell Junctions

    • Specialized structures that connect cells to each other
    • Provide structural support
    • Facilitate communication between cells
    • Types:
      • Tight junctions
      • Desmosomes
      • Gap junctions

    Nuclear Envelope

    • Double membrane that encloses the nucleus
    • Contains nuclear pores that regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
    • Regulates the movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

    Ribosomes

    • Responsible for protein synthesis
    • Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
    • Found in cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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    Description

    Explore the vital organelles found in eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, and their specific roles in cellular processes. This quiz delves into topics like the endomembrane system, contractile and central vacuoles, providing insight into cell structure and function.

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