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Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is involved in the process of photosynthesis within chloroplasts?
Which of the following structures is involved in the process of photosynthesis within chloroplasts?
What type of DNA is found within mitochondria?
What type of DNA is found within mitochondria?
In which part of the chloroplast are thylakoids located?
In which part of the chloroplast are thylakoids located?
Which cellular structure is primarily associated with protein synthesis?
Which cellular structure is primarily associated with protein synthesis?
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What is the approximate diameter of a chloroplast?
What is the approximate diameter of a chloroplast?
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What is the primary role of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?
What is the primary role of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?
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Which of the following statements about mitochondria is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about mitochondria is incorrect?
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What is the primary function of microfilaments in muscle cells?
What is the primary function of microfilaments in muscle cells?
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Which filament is characterized by a diameter of 8-12 nm?
Which filament is characterized by a diameter of 8-12 nm?
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What role do cell junctions play in tissues?
What role do cell junctions play in tissues?
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What is the approximate thickness of the plasma membrane?
What is the approximate thickness of the plasma membrane?
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Which type of filament is primarily involved in muscle contraction along with actin?
Which type of filament is primarily involved in muscle contraction along with actin?
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What structural feature do keratin proteins adopt?
What structural feature do keratin proteins adopt?
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What is the significance of the size difference between actin (7 nm) and myosin filaments?
What is the significance of the size difference between actin (7 nm) and myosin filaments?
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What role does the plant cell wall primarily serve?
What role does the plant cell wall primarily serve?
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What is the primary function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists?
What is the primary function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists?
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Which vacuole is primarily associated with holding organic compounds and water in plant cells?
Which vacuole is primarily associated with holding organic compounds and water in plant cells?
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What distinguishes chloroplasts from mitochondria?
What distinguishes chloroplasts from mitochondria?
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Which cellular structure is involved in digestion and the breakdown of waste?
Which cellular structure is involved in digestion and the breakdown of waste?
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What role do peroxisomes play in the cell?
What role do peroxisomes play in the cell?
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What is the main function of the autophagosome?
What is the main function of the autophagosome?
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In terms of function, what is the primary role of the central vacuole in plant cells?
In terms of function, what is the primary role of the central vacuole in plant cells?
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Which component is not involved in the process of autophagy?
Which component is not involved in the process of autophagy?
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What structure is not part of the nuclear envelope?
What structure is not part of the nuclear envelope?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Which of the following best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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What is the primary function of nuclear pore complexes?
What is the primary function of nuclear pore complexes?
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Which component is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in the cell?
Which component is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in the cell?
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What is the significance of chromatin in the nucleus?
What is the significance of chromatin in the nucleus?
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What does the nuclear lamina provide to the nuclear envelope?
What does the nuclear lamina provide to the nuclear envelope?
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How does the endomembrane system contribute to cellular function?
How does the endomembrane system contribute to cellular function?
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Which of the following structures directly interacts with ribosomes for protein synthesis?
Which of the following structures directly interacts with ribosomes for protein synthesis?
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What is a primary function of the Smooth ER?
What is a primary function of the Smooth ER?
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Which structure is characterized by having ribosomes on its surface?
Which structure is characterized by having ribosomes on its surface?
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How wide is the Rough ER typically described in the content?
How wide is the Rough ER typically described in the content?
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Which organelle receives transport vesicles on its ‘cis face’?
Which organelle receives transport vesicles on its ‘cis face’?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the Smooth ER?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Smooth ER?
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What role does the Rough ER play in cellular function?
What role does the Rough ER play in cellular function?
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Which statement is true regarding the Smooth ER?
Which statement is true regarding the Smooth ER?
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What is one key difference between Smooth ER and Rough ER?
What is one key difference between Smooth ER and Rough ER?
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Study Notes
Contractile Vacuoles
- Found in freshwater protists
- Pump excess water out of cells
Central Vacuoles
- Found in many mature plant cells
- Hold organic compounds and water
Mitochondria
- Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
- Powerhouse of the cell
- Site of cellular respiration
- Contains its own DNA that is separate from that of the nucleus
- Divided into two compartments:
- Intermembrane space
- Matrix
- Inner membrane is folded into cristae, which increase the surface area for ATP production
Chloroplasts
- Found in plants and algae
- Site of photosynthesis
- Contains its own DNA distinct from the nucleus
- Enclosed by two membranes
- Contains a system of internal membranes called thylakoids
- Thylakoids are stacked into grana
- Surrounded by a fluid called stroma
Endomembrane System
- Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
- Consists of:
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Two Types:
- Smooth ER
- Rough ER
Smooth ER
- Lacks ribosomes
- Metabolizes carbohydrates
- Detoxifies drugs and poisons
- Stores calcium ions
Rough ER
- Studded with ribosomes
- Synthesizes proteins
- Modifies and packages proteins
Golgi Apparatus
- Organelle composed of flattened membrane-bound sacs
- Processes and packages proteins and lipids
- Sorts and ships proteins to their final destinations
- Modifies, stores, and ships products of ER
Lysosomes
- Membranous sacs of hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that break down macromolecules
- Carry out intracellular digestion
- Digest worn-out organelles (autophagy)
- Digest engulfed bacteria (phagocytosis)
Peroxisomes
- Specialized metabolic compartments bound by single membrane
- Produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct of reactions
- Break down fatty acids
- Detoxify alcohol and other toxins
- Contain enzymes that break down H2O2
Plasma Membrane
- Selectively permeable membrane that controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Cytoskeleton
- Network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
- Provides structural support
- Aids in cell movement
- Controls the organization of the cytoplasm
- Has three main types of fibers:
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
- Hollow fibers composed of tubulin
- Function in maintaining cell shape, cell motility, and movement of organelles
- Help separate chromosomes during cell division
- Form tracks for the movement of vesicles and other organelles
Microfilaments
- Solid rods composed of actin
- Function in maintaining cell shape, muscle contraction, and cell motility
- Involved in cytoplasmic streaming
Intermediate Filaments
- Diverse group of fibers
- Function in maintaining cell shape, anchoring organelles, and forming nuclear lamina
Plant Cell Wall
- Provides support, structure, and protection to the cell
- Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
Cell Junctions
- Specialized structures that connect cells to each other
- Provide structural support
- Facilitate communication between cells
- Types:
- Tight junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions
Nuclear Envelope
- Double membrane that encloses the nucleus
- Contains nuclear pores that regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
- Regulates the movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
- Responsible for protein synthesis
- Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
- Found in cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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Description
Explore the vital organelles found in eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, and their specific roles in cellular processes. This quiz delves into topics like the endomembrane system, contractile and central vacuoles, providing insight into cell structure and function.
