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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy?
What is the primary characteristic of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy?
Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with amniotic fluid embolism?
Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with amniotic fluid embolism?
What is the primary risk factor for vulvar cancer?
What is the primary risk factor for vulvar cancer?
What is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer?
What is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer?
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What is the primary complication of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy?
What is the primary complication of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is a late symptom of amniotic fluid embolism?
Which of the following is a late symptom of amniotic fluid embolism?
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What is the primary mechanism of HPV infection in vulvar cancer?
What is the primary mechanism of HPV infection in vulvar cancer?
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What is the primary diagnostic test for endometrial cancer?
What is the primary diagnostic test for endometrial cancer?
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What is the primary treatment for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy?
What is the primary treatment for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy?
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What is the primary complication of vulvar cancer?
What is the primary complication of vulvar cancer?
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Which medication is contraindicated in the management of chronic hypertension in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal renal agenesis?
Which medication is contraindicated in the management of chronic hypertension in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal renal agenesis?
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What is the most common cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage?
What is the most common cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage?
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Which of the following is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?
Which of the following is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy?
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Which hypertensive disorder in pregnancy is characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation?
Which hypertensive disorder in pregnancy is characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation?
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What is the first-line treatment for mild to moderate endometriosis-associated pain?
What is the first-line treatment for mild to moderate endometriosis-associated pain?
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Which of the following is a complication of postpartum hemorrhage?
Which of the following is a complication of postpartum hemorrhage?
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What is the primary mechanism of fetal injury in preeclampsia?
What is the primary mechanism of fetal injury in preeclampsia?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy?
Which of the following is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy?
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What is the primary treatment goal for postpartum hemorrhage?
What is the primary treatment goal for postpartum hemorrhage?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational hypertension?
Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational hypertension?
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Study Notes
Miscarriage
- Types of miscarriage: complete, incomplete, threatened, septic, inevitable, missed, and recurrent
- Delayed miscarriage is NOT a type of miscarriage
- Management options for incomplete miscarriage: expectant, medical, and surgical management
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Common features: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries
- Hypothyroidism is NOT typically associated with PCOS
Contraception
- Vasectomy is a permanent method of contraception
- IUDs, oral contraceptive pills, and Depo-Provera injections are reversible methods
Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
- ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal renal agenesis
- Thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and methyldopa are safer alternatives
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)
- Causes of primary postpartum hemorrhage: atonia, trauma, tissue retention, and thrombin issues
- Infections are more commonly associated with secondary PPH
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Most common site for an ectopic pregnancy: fallopian tube (approximately 95%)
- Other less common locations: ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity
Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
- Preeclampsia: new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation
- Eclampsia: presence of seizures in addition to the criteria for preeclampsia
Endometriosis
- First-line treatment for mild to moderate endometriosis-associated pain: oral contraceptive pills
Uterine Fibroids
- Common symptoms: heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and urinary frequency
- Hirsutism is NOT a symptom of uterine fibroids
Diabetes in Pregnancy
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is commonly used for the screening of gestational diabetes
- Typically performed between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation
Shoulder Dystocia
- Maneuvers used to manage shoulder dystocia: McRoberts maneuver, suprapubic pressure, and Woods screw maneuver
- Fundal pressure is NOT recommended and can worsen shoulder dystocia
Ovarian Cancer
- CA-125 is a common tumor marker used in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer
Cervical Cancer
- Primary screening test: Pap smear (or Pap test)
- Detects precancerous and cancerous cells in the cervix
Antepartum Hemorrhage
- Common cause: placenta previa
- Other causes: placental abruption, ectopic pregnancy, uterine rupture, and amniotic fluid embolism
Preterm Labor
- Medication used to accelerate fetal lung maturity: betamethasone
- Typically administered between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation
Dysmenorrhea
- First-line treatment for primary dysmenorrhea: NSAIDs
- Help reduce the production of prostaglandins, which cause uterine contractions and pain
Menopause
- Common symptom: hot flashes
- Due to hormonal changes, not heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, or hirsutism
Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy
- Hyperthyroidism: characterized by an overactive thyroid gland
- Can have significant implications for both maternal and fetal health during pregnancy
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
- Typical symptoms: sudden respiratory distress, hypotension, and coagulopathy
- NOT typically associated with persistent fetal bradycardia
Vulvar Cancer
- Risk factor: human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
Endometrial Cancer
- Common symptom: postmenopausal bleeding
- Warrants further investigation
Miscarriage
- Types of miscarriage: complete, incomplete, threatened, septic, inevitable, missed, and recurrent.
- Delayed miscarriage is not a recognized type of miscarriage.
Incomplete Miscarriage Management
- Options for management: expectant, medical, and surgical.
- Radiological intervention is not a recommended option.
Diagnosing Miscarriage
- First investigation: βhCG levels to confirm pregnancy and assess viability.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- Common features: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries.
- Hypothyroidism is not typically associated with PCOS.
Contraception
- Vasectomy is a permanent method of contraception.
- IUDs, oral contraceptive pills, and Depo-Provera injections are reversible methods.
Pap Smear
- Primary screening tool for cervical cancer, detecting precancerous and cancerous cells in the cervix.
Antepartum Hemorrhage
- Common causes: placenta previa and placental abruption.
- Ectopic pregnancy is an early pregnancy complication, and uterine rupture and amniotic fluid embolism are less common causes.
Preterm Labor
- Betamethasone is used to accelerate fetal lung maturity in threatened preterm labor, typically between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation.
Dysmenorrhea
- First-line treatment for primary dysmenorrhea: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce prostaglandins and uterine contractions.
Menopause
- Common symptom: hot flashes due to hormonal changes.
- Heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea are more common in reproductive-age women, and hirsutism is associated with conditions like PCOS.
Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy
- ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal renal agenesis.
- Thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and methyldopa are safer alternatives.
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)
- Causes of primary PPH: atonia, trauma, tissue retention, and thrombin issues.
- Infections are more commonly associated with secondary PPH.
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Most common site: fallopian tube (approximately 95%).
- Other locations: ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity.
Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
- Preeclampsia is characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.
- Eclampsia includes the presence of seizures in addition to the criteria for preeclampsia.
Endometriosis
- First-line treatment for mild to moderate endometriosis-associated pain: oral contraceptive pills.
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Description
Test your knowledge of different types of miscarriage and their management options. Identify the correct type of miscarriage and the recommended treatment options.
