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Questions and Answers
What role do minerals play in the human body?
What role do minerals play in the human body?
Which of the following is classified as a major mineral?
Which of the following is classified as a major mineral?
What are the recommended daily intake levels for calcium in adults?
What are the recommended daily intake levels for calcium in adults?
Which factor can negatively impact calcium absorption?
Which factor can negatively impact calcium absorption?
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What is the primary method for assessing calcium status in the body?
What is the primary method for assessing calcium status in the body?
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Which statement accurately describes the function of NPT2b?
Which statement accurately describes the function of NPT2b?
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What hormone negatively influences the regulation of serum phosphorus levels?
What hormone negatively influences the regulation of serum phosphorus levels?
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Where in the body is approximately 85% of phosphorus stored?
Where in the body is approximately 85% of phosphorus stored?
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What role does phospholipase C play in phosphorus metabolism?
What role does phospholipase C play in phosphorus metabolism?
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Which factor significantly influences intestinal phosphorus absorption in infants and children?
Which factor significantly influences intestinal phosphorus absorption in infants and children?
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What occurs when high phosphorus diets are consumed by renally compromised individuals?
What occurs when high phosphorus diets are consumed by renally compromised individuals?
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Which of the following statements about phosphorus absorption in adults is correct?
Which of the following statements about phosphorus absorption in adults is correct?
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What condition may occur due to severe magnesium deficiency?
What condition may occur due to severe magnesium deficiency?
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Which dietary source is considered a high phosphorus food?
Which dietary source is considered a high phosphorus food?
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How does magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) help in the treatment of eclampsia?
How does magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) help in the treatment of eclampsia?
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What is a major function of phosphorus in the body?
What is a major function of phosphorus in the body?
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What percentage of circulating phosphorus is typically complexed with calcium, magnesium, and sodium?
What percentage of circulating phosphorus is typically complexed with calcium, magnesium, and sodium?
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What is the relationship between magnesium intake and cardiovascular disease?
What is the relationship between magnesium intake and cardiovascular disease?
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What is a characteristic symptom of preeclampsia?
What is a characteristic symptom of preeclampsia?
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What does urinary phosphorus levels generally reflect under normal conditions?
What does urinary phosphorus levels generally reflect under normal conditions?
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Study Notes
Minerals in the Body
- Minerals represent about 4% of total body weight
- Involved in body fluid osmotic properties, bone & teeth structure, body process regulation, and metalloenzyme cofactors
- Classified as major (macrominerals) and minor (microminerals)
- Major minerals include calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S)
- Minor minerals include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), iodine (I), molybdenum (Mo), and chromium (Cr)
- Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are vital for bone mineralization, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, enzyme regulation, and membrane permeability
- Good calcium sources include milk, cheese, yogurt, canned salmon, fortified cereals, juices, and plant-based milks
- Calcium absorption is regulated by calcitriol, passive paracellular transport, calbindin D9k, and Ca-ATPase pump
- Factors (oxalate, phytic acid, etc.) can enhance or inhibit calcium absorption
- Hormones (vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin) regulate calcium homeostasis
- Recommended daily calcium intake is 1000-1200mg for adults; upper limit 2000-2500mg
- Calcium deficiency can lead to muscle tetany, osteopenia, osteoporosis, etc.
- Bone densitometry (DEXA) is the most reliable method for assessing bone mineral content
- Phosphorus (PO42-) is the second most common inorganic element
- Sources include meat, fish, dairy, nuts, legumes, cereals, and those with added phosphoric acid.
Phosphorus Metabolism
- Most dietary phosphorus is absorbed passively in the small intestine (65%-90% in infants/children; 55%-80% in adults)
- Phosphorus is quickly absorbed and exists as HPO42-, complexed with other minerals, or bound to protein
- 85% is stored in the skeleton; most is excreted in urine, with some in feces
- Phosphate absorption in the kidney is regulated by PTH, FGF23, and potentially calcitriol.
- NPT2a, NPT2b, and NPT2c are key transport proteins in phosphate regulation, mainly in the kidney and small intestine (especially NPT2b)
Magnesium and Its Functions
- A major role in cardiovascular health; some studies have shown lower mortality in populations consuming magnesium-rich water.
- Inverse association between circulating magnesium levels and risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes
- May benefit endothelial function in those with cardiovascular disease
- Important in Preeclampsia/Eclampsia: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is a common treatment to prevent eclamptic seizures and possibly limit cerebral edema
- Relevant for osteoporosis, bone mineral density, interactions with vitamin D (in older adults)
- Benefit for headaches, migraines, and asthma (limited data on chronic asthma or oral supplements).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential minerals found in the human body, their classifications into major and minor minerals, and their various functions. It highlights the importance of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium for overall health, including their roles in bone structure and physiological processes. Test your knowledge on sources, absorption mechanisms, and the significance of these vital nutrients.
