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Questions and Answers
Which of the following minerals contains the carbonate ion?
Which of the following minerals contains the carbonate ion?
- Calcite (correct)
- Mica
- Halite
- Quartz
All minerals contain silicon, making them silicates.
All minerals contain silicon, making them silicates.
False (B)
What is the primary feature of the cubic crystal system?
What is the primary feature of the cubic crystal system?
Atoms arranged in a cube shape.
When water evaporates, minerals that remain are formed through ______.
When water evaporates, minerals that remain are formed through ______.
Match the following minerals with their associated chemical group:
Match the following minerals with their associated chemical group:
What are the primary physical properties used to identify minerals?
What are the primary physical properties used to identify minerals?
The streak color of a mineral is its color in its powdered form.
The streak color of a mineral is its color in its powdered form.
Name one mineral that belongs to the tetragonal crystal system.
Name one mineral that belongs to the tetragonal crystal system.
What is the luster of a mineral that reflects light like polished metal?
What is the luster of a mineral that reflects light like polished metal?
A mineral is considered harder if it scratches another mineral.
A mineral is considered harder if it scratches another mineral.
Which mineral has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale?
Which mineral has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs Hardness Scale?
The mineral _____ splits along smooth flat surfaces, demonstrating perfect cleavage.
The mineral _____ splits along smooth flat surfaces, demonstrating perfect cleavage.
Which of the following minerals has a glassy luster?
Which of the following minerals has a glassy luster?
Match the following minerals with their corresponding hardness on the Mohs scale:
Match the following minerals with their corresponding hardness on the Mohs scale:
Mineral cleavage is determined by the external conditions during its formation.
Mineral cleavage is determined by the external conditions during its formation.
When a mineral is softer than another substance, it is said to be _____ than that substance.
When a mineral is softer than another substance, it is said to be _____ than that substance.
Which of the following minerals would break with a rough and jagged surface?
Which of the following minerals would break with a rough and jagged surface?
Effervescence is a property demonstrated by minerals that do not react with acids.
Effervescence is a property demonstrated by minerals that do not react with acids.
What is the process called when iron reacts with oxygen to form rust?
What is the process called when iron reacts with oxygen to form rust?
Lodestone is a naturally _____ mineral.
Lodestone is a naturally _____ mineral.
Match each mineral with its corresponding special property:
Match each mineral with its corresponding special property:
Which mineral is known for creating a greenish coating when it reacts with air?
Which mineral is known for creating a greenish coating when it reacts with air?
Nonmetals can conduct heat and electricity effectively.
Nonmetals can conduct heat and electricity effectively.
List two uses of gypsum.
List two uses of gypsum.
Which of the following is an example of a precious stone?
Which of the following is an example of a precious stone?
Alloys are mixtures of metals only.
Alloys are mixtures of metals only.
What process forms sedimentary rocks?
What process forms sedimentary rocks?
The igneous rock type that forms from the slow cooling of magma is called ______.
The igneous rock type that forms from the slow cooling of magma is called ______.
Match the following types of rocks with their descriptions:
Match the following types of rocks with their descriptions:
Which of the following pairs represents a metal alloy?
Which of the following pairs represents a metal alloy?
Marble is an example of a polymineralic rock.
Marble is an example of a polymineralic rock.
Name one type of semi-precious stone.
Name one type of semi-precious stone.
What is a characteristic of intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks?
What is a characteristic of intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks?
Metamorphic rocks can only form from igneous rocks.
Metamorphic rocks can only form from igneous rocks.
What is the process called that leads to the alteration of pre-existing rocks to form metamorphic rocks?
What is the process called that leads to the alteration of pre-existing rocks to form metamorphic rocks?
Obsidian is an example of an extrusive rock with a _____ texture.
Obsidian is an example of an extrusive rock with a _____ texture.
Match the type of igneous rock with its cooling rate and texture:
Match the type of igneous rock with its cooling rate and texture:
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of cooling and crystal size of a rock?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of cooling and crystal size of a rock?
Crystalline texture in rocks indicates that they cooled quickly.
Crystalline texture in rocks indicates that they cooled quickly.
Name an example of a metamorphic rock.
Name an example of a metamorphic rock.
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Study Notes
Hydroxides and Halides
- Portlandite is a hydroxide mineral with the formula Ca(OH)₂.
- Halides contain Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine, exemplified by Halite (NaCl) and Fluorite (CaF₂).
Carbonates
- Carbonates consist of the carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻), with key examples being Calcite (CaCO₃) and Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂).
- Numerous subdivisions exist within mineral classifications based on chemical similarities.
Crystal Structure
- The arrangement of atoms within a mineral is termed crystal structure.
- Atoms/molecules align in repeating geometric patterns, as seen in Halite (NaCl).
Basic Crystal Systems
- Six fundamental crystal systems categorize minerals:
- Cubic: Examples include Galena and Halite.
- Tetragonal: Exemplified by Chalcopyrite.
- Hexagonal: Includes Quartz and Calcite.
- Orthorhombic: Contains Olivine and Topaz.
- Monoclinic: Includes Mica and Gypsum.
- Triclinic: Contains Feldspar and Turquoise.
Mineral Formation
- Minerals form through various processes:
- Solidification of lava or magma.
- Evaporation of water leaving behind minerals.
- Supersaturation of water leading to mineral precipitation.
Identifying Minerals
- Identification is based on physical and chemical characteristics:
- Physical Properties:
- Color: Can vary due to impurities and environmental exposure.
- Streak: Color of the mineral in powdered form, tested on a streak plate.
- Luster: How a mineral reflects light, categorized as metallic or non-metallic.
- Hardness: Resistance to scratching, determined by internal structure using Mohs Hardness Scale.
- Cleavage: Splitting along smooth surfaces; varies by atomic structure.
- Fracture: Irregular breaking surfaces, exemplified by minerals like sulfur and quartz.
- Density: Varies among minerals; perceived heaviness in hand.
- Physical Properties:
Chemical Properties
- Effervescence: Calcite reacts with hydrochloric acid, releasing CO₂ bubbles.
- Oxidation: Interaction between metals like iron and oxygen can lead to rust; copper forms a protective greenish coating.
Special Properties
- Lodestone: Naturally magnetic mineral, primarily Magnetite.
- Iceland Spar: A unique form of Calcite producing double refraction.
- Pitchblend: Notable for its radioactivity.
Uses of Minerals
- Ore: Minerals mined for metals, e.g., Iron from Hematite/Magnetite, Aluminum from Bauxite.
- Alloys: Mixtures of metals, enhancing properties, e.g., Bronze (Tin + Copper).
- Gems: Minerals valued for hardness, color, clarity; categorized as precious (e.g., Diamond) or semi-precious (e.g., Amethyst).
Rocks and Minerals Relation
- Rocks are composed of one or more minerals.
- Monomineralic: Contains one mineral, e.g., Marble (Calcite).
- Polymineralic: Composed of multiple minerals, e.g., Granite.
- Silicates represent 90% of the Earth's crust with nearly 4,700 different minerals identified.
Classification of Rocks
- Rocks are categorized by their formation methods into three groups:
- Sedimentary: Formed by compaction and cementation of sediments.
- Igneous: Result from the solidification of molten rock (magma or lava).
- Metamorphic: Originates from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, or chemical fluids.
Igneous Rocks
- Extrusive (Volcanic): Formed from rapid cooling of lava, resulting in fine textures (e.g., Basalt).
- Intrusive (Plutonic): Result from slow cooling of magma, yielding coarse textures (e.g., Granite, Diorite).
Metamorphic Rocks
- Formed through metamorphism, involving heat and pressure, altering the mineral composition and texture of pre-existing rocks.
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