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Questions and Answers
Which vitamin is essential for collagen formation in bone health?
Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with calcium deficiency?
What is a significant consequence of an imbalance between calcium and phosphorus in the diet?
Which group is at the highest risk for vitamin D deficiency?
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Which nutrient is particularly important for maintaining oral soft tissue health?
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Which condition is directly associated with Vitamin A deficiency?
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What role does Vitamin D play in the body?
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What could lead to a heightened risk of Vitamin D deficiency?
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Which of the following is a consequence of Vitamin E deficiency?
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Which food sources significantly contribute to Vitamin K intake?
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Which condition is commonly linked to Vitamin C deficiency?
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What is a common sign of Vitamin K deficiency?
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What is a physiological role of Vitamin E in the body?
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What can cause a deficiency in Vitamin D?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of Vitamin A deficiency?
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What could potentially be affected by Vitamin D deficiency?
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Which symptom suggests a possible deficiency of Vitamin C?
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What is a consequence of Vitamin D deficiency related to bones?
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What contributes to the body's Vitamin D synthesis?
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What role does calcium play in the body?
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Which mineral is critical for the formation of phospholipids in cell membranes?
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What condition is associated with inadequate calcium intake in early life?
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Which vitamin is essential for collagen formation?
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What is the primary dietary source of magnesium?
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Which statement correctly describes fluoride's role in dental health?
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What is the primary consequence of phosphorus deficiency during tooth development?
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Which mineral's absorption is decreased by the presence of oxylates and phytates?
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Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme and is necessary for energy metabolism?
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What is the ideal calcium-to-phosphorus ratio for adults?
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What condition results from a calcium deficiency affecting skeletal mass?
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Which vitamin is primarily stored in the liver?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of magnesium in the body?
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Study Notes
Minerals Required for Calcified Structures
- Bone and Teeth: Calcified structures undergo constant remodelling.
- Organic Matrix: Collagen is the primary component of the bone matrix.
- Collagen Formation: Requires protein, vitamin C, iron, copper, and zinc.
- Mineral Matrix: Composed of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and carbonate ions.
- Enamel: Hardest structure in the body, primarily mineral (96%).
- Dentin: Softer than enamel, composed of 70% minerals.
- Cementum: Softer than dentin, composed of 45-50% minerals.
Calcium
- Most abundant mineral in the body: 99% found in teeth and bones.
- Functions: Bone health, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, membrane permeability, enzyme activation, and buffering in saliva.
- Calcium Requirements: Vary according to age and other factors.
- Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratio: Inversely related, ideal ratio is 1:1.
- Calcium Absorption: Regulated by hormones, best absorbed in smaller amounts throughout the day.
- Factors Decreasing Calcium Absorption: Oxylates and phytates in grains and vegetables, reduced gastric acidity, excessive fibre, and low-protein/phosphorus diets.
- Sources: Milk and alternatives, fortified soy and rice milk, fortified orange juice, dark leafy greens, fish with soft bones, and supplements.
- Calcium Deficiency: Rickets and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease that starts during adolescence.
- Calcium and Periodontal Disease: Inadequate calcium intake linked to lower bone density and increased risk of periodontal disease.
Phosphorus
- Second most abundant mineral in the body: 85% found in skeleton and teeth.
- Functions: Formation of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, nerve activity, component of cell membranes, DNA, and RNA, energy metabolism, and buffering.
- Phosphorus Requirements and Sources: Abundant in foods, particularly milk products and meats. Deficiency is rare.
- Phosphorus Deficiency: Can occur with prolonged vomiting, malabsorption, kidney disease, intestinal surgery, and excessive use of antacids. Impacts tooth development (incomplete calcification, failure of reparative dentin, increased caries susceptibility).
Magnesium
- Important for bone and mineral physiology: Facilitates parathyroid hormone secretion, calcium absorption, and vitamin D conversion in the liver.
- Functions: Cofactor for over 300 enzymes, DNA and RNA synthesis, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and mental health.
- Magnesium Requirements and Sources: Deficiency is rare but can occur with various medical conditions. Sources include dark leafy greens, dried beans and legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, chocolate.
- Magnesium Deficiency: Fragile alveolar bone, gingival hypertrophy, widened PDL space, enamel hypoplasia, cardiac dysrhythmias, neuromuscular irritability, and personality changes.
Fluoride
- Not an essential nutrient, but beneficial for bone and dental health: Fluoride ions replace hydroxyl ions in hydroxyapatite, making tooth structure more resistant to caries.
- Functions: Formation of fluorapatite, interference with demineralization, inhibition of caries-causing bacteria, and stimulation of osteoblast proliferation.
- Fluoride Requirements and Sources: Sources include fluoridated water, brewed tea, potatoes, and ocean fish with bones.
Vitamin A
- Classes: Retinoids (animal products) and carotenoids (fruits and vegetables).
- Functions: Vision in dim light, growth, cell differentiation, bone and tooth development, integrity of skin and mucous membranes, and maintenance of immune function.
- Requirements and Sources: Requirements vary with age and other factors. Animal products are the primary source of retinoids, while fruits and vegetables provide carotenoids.
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Description
Explore the essential minerals that contribute to the structure and health of bones and teeth. This quiz covers key components such as calcium, collagen, and the mineral matrix, while addressing their roles in maintaining calcified structures. Test your knowledge on mineral requirements and their functions in the body.
