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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate total amount of magnesium in the human body?
What is the approximate total amount of magnesium in the human body?
Which of the following enzymes requires magnesium as an activator?
Which of the following enzymes requires magnesium as an activator?
What percentage of magnesium in the body is complexed with calcium in bones?
What percentage of magnesium in the body is complexed with calcium in bones?
What is the primary function of magnesium in muscle cells?
What is the primary function of magnesium in muscle cells?
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Which of the following biological processes does magnesium participate in?
Which of the following biological processes does magnesium participate in?
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What is the term for elements like magnesium, zinc, and copper that are essential for bodily functions?
What is the term for elements like magnesium, zinc, and copper that are essential for bodily functions?
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What is the role of calcitriol in phosphate absorption?
What is the role of calcitriol in phosphate absorption?
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What is the normal serum level of phosphate in children?
What is the normal serum level of phosphate in children?
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What is the daily requirement of phosphate?
What is the daily requirement of phosphate?
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What is the effect of high calcium diet on phosphate absorption?
What is the effect of high calcium diet on phosphate absorption?
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What is the role of phosphate in cellular processes?
What is the role of phosphate in cellular processes?
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What is the amount of phosphate present in milk?
What is the amount of phosphate present in milk?
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What is the primary function of chloride in the secretion of gastric juice?
What is the primary function of chloride in the secretion of gastric juice?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of potassium?
Which of the following is NOT a source of potassium?
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What is the recommended daily intake of potassium?
What is the recommended daily intake of potassium?
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What is the term for the process of maintaining electrical neutrality of erythrocytes?
What is the term for the process of maintaining electrical neutrality of erythrocytes?
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What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?
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What is the term for a decreased level of chloride in the serum?
What is the term for a decreased level of chloride in the serum?
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What is the function of copper in the body?
What is the function of copper in the body?
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What is the recommended daily intake of copper?
What is the recommended daily intake of copper?
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What is the most common disorder caused by iodine deficiency?
What is the most common disorder caused by iodine deficiency?
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What is the effect of goitrogenic factors on the body?
What is the effect of goitrogenic factors on the body?
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What is the total amount of iodine present in the human body?
What is the total amount of iodine present in the human body?
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What is the therapeutic use of iodized salt?
What is the therapeutic use of iodized salt?
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What is the primary function of potassium in the body?
What is the primary function of potassium in the body?
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What is the recommended daily intake of potassium?
What is the recommended daily intake of potassium?
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What is the primary source of potassium in the diet?
What is the primary source of potassium in the diet?
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What is the term for a potassium level below 3meq/L in the blood?
What is the term for a potassium level below 3meq/L in the blood?
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What is a common symptom of potassium deficiency?
What is a common symptom of potassium deficiency?
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What is the role of potassium in glycogen storage?
What is the role of potassium in glycogen storage?
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Study Notes
Cupro-enzymes and Copper
- Some examples of cupro-enzymes are cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasm, tyrosinase, and dopamine beta-oxidase.
- Copper increases iron absorption and HDL levels, which protects the heart.
- Copper toxicity can lead to hemolysis, hemoglobinnuria, proteinuria, and renal failure.
- Deficiency in copper is rare in adults but can occur in preterm infants, causing anemia, bone demineralization, fragility of large blood vessels, and skin pigmentation.
- Copper can be found in cereals, milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, and fruits, with a recommended daily intake of 2.0mg.
Iodine
- The human body contains about 15-20mg of iodine, with 80% found in the thyroid gland.
- Iodine is essential for the formation of thyroid hormones, which are necessary for growth and development.
- Iodine deficiency can cause goiter (swollen thyroid gland), decreased IQ in children, hypothyroidism, mental disturbances, and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.
- Iodine deficiency makes people more susceptible to radiation effects.
- Goitrogenic factors, such as cabbage, cauliflower, and radish, can interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, leading to a condition similar to iodine deficiency.
- Iodine-rich sources include nuts, legumes, pears, whole grains, fish, meat, and green leafy vegetables, with a recommended daily intake of 300-350mg.
Potassium
- The human body contains about 250mg of potassium, with most of it found inside cells and the remaining in extracellular fluid.
- Potassium is required for maintaining plasma volume, bile salt formation, and the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase.
- It is also necessary for glycogen storage in the liver and muscle, and for growth and development.
- Potassium plays a crucial role in heart muscle contraction and nerve and muscle functions.
- Deficiency in potassium is rare, but hypokalemia (low potassium levels) can occur in conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, prolonged use of diuretics, and insulin treatment.
- Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) can occur in renal failure and severe dehydration.
- Symptoms of potassium deficiency include muscular weakness, heart enlargement, and paralysis.
- Potassium-rich sources include oil seeds, eggs, meat, vegetables, and fruits, with a recommended daily intake of 2.3g.
Chloride
- The human body contains about 120-150mg of chloride, which is present in major body fluids, soft tissues, and erythrocytes.
- Chloride is the major extracellular anion in most cells.
- It is required for the secretion of HCl in gastric juice and for maintaining electrical neutrality in erythrocytes and other cells.
- Chloride is also involved in maintaining plasma volume.
- Deficiency in chloride is rare, but hypochloremia (low chloride levels) can occur in conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, pyloric obstruction, cholera, and AIDS.
- Symptoms of chloride deficiency include muscular spasms.
- Chloride-rich sources include pulses, milk, meat, eggs, and salted foods, with a recommended daily intake of 1.5-3.5g.
Phosphorus
- The human body contains about 500-700g of phosphorus, which is present in bones, teeth, and cell membranes.
- Phosphorus is an important constituent of blood buffer, high-energy compounds like ATP, and nucleic acid.
- It is involved in the modification and activation of several enzymes and cellular proteins.
- Phosphorus is required for the synthesis of nucleoside co-enzymes, DNA, and RNA.
- Deficiency in phosphorus occurs due to impaired absorption and/or excessive loss through the kidney.
- Serum level of phosphorus is 3-4mg/dl in normal adults and 5-6mg/dl in children.
- Phosphorus-rich sources include milk, cereals, nuts, eggs, and meats, with a recommended daily intake of 200-300mg.
Zinc
- The human body contains about 2-3g of zinc, with 60% found in skeletal muscle and 30% in bones.
- Zinc is involved in many biological processes, including metabolism, gene expression, and immune function.
- Zinc deficiency can cause diseases like impaired growth, impaired wound healing, and impaired immune function.
- Zinc-rich sources include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, and cereals, with a recommended daily intake of 10-15mg.
Magnesium
- The human body contains about 25g of magnesium, with 60% found in bones and 30% found in skeletal muscle.
- Magnesium is the activator of many enzymes requiring ATP, and is involved in carbohydrate, nucleotide, nucleic acid, and amino acid metabolism.
- Magnesium is also involved in protein synthesis, muscle activation, and other biological processes like hormone receptor binding, gating of calcium channels, and neurotransmitter release.
- Deficiency in magnesium can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, and cramps.
- Magnesium-rich sources include dark leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, with a recommended daily intake of 300-400mg.
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Description
Learn about the importance of minerals and trace elements in human body, their classification into macro and micro elements, and how their deficiency can lead to various diseases. This quiz covers the chemistry and functions of essential elements like magnesium, calcium, potassium, and more.
