Podcast
Questions and Answers
Physiology is most accurately described as the study of the ________.
Physiology is most accurately described as the study of the ________.
functions of living organisms
The largest organ of the body is the _______.
The largest organ of the body is the _______.
skin
Appendages include _________.
Appendages include _________.
- Hair (correct)
- Sweat glands (correct)
- Oil glands (correct)
- Nails (correct)
Your skin contains what fraction of your body's primary immune cells?
Your skin contains what fraction of your body's primary immune cells?
What does the skin protect against?
What does the skin protect against?
The barrier function of the skin includes ______.
The barrier function of the skin includes ______.
What is the average pH of the acid mantle?
What is the average pH of the acid mantle?
What does TEWL stand for?
What does TEWL stand for?
The intercellular cement between cells is made up of _________.
The intercellular cement between cells is made up of _________.
The immune cells that protect us from foreign substances are the _______.
The immune cells that protect us from foreign substances are the _______.
Sensory nerve fibers are most abundant in the ________.
Sensory nerve fibers are most abundant in the ________.
The average body's internal thermostat is set _____ degrees Fahrenheit.
The average body's internal thermostat is set _____ degrees Fahrenheit.
Which glands excrete perspiration and detoxify the body?
Which glands excrete perspiration and detoxify the body?
The sebaceous glands _______.
The sebaceous glands _______.
Intercellular means _______ the cells.
Intercellular means _______ the cells.
It is important to understand the function of each layer of the skin because it helps you to correctly ________.
It is important to understand the function of each layer of the skin because it helps you to correctly ________.
Estheticians are licensed to work on _____.
Estheticians are licensed to work on _____.
About 95% of the epidermis is made up of _______.
About 95% of the epidermis is made up of _______.
What describes Stratum Lucidum?
What describes Stratum Lucidum?
What is the average cell turnover rate for the skin cells of the epidermis?
What is the average cell turnover rate for the skin cells of the epidermis?
Desquamation is the ________.
Desquamation is the ________.
Squamous cells are ________.
Squamous cells are ________.
Which layer of the epidermis is located just below the stratum corneum?
Which layer of the epidermis is located just below the stratum corneum?
On which of these parts of the body is skin the thickest?
On which of these parts of the body is skin the thickest?
Keratin and intercellular lipids are formed in the _______.
Keratin and intercellular lipids are formed in the _______.
Which layer of the skin produces melanin?
Which layer of the skin produces melanin?
Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?
Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?
Which cells in the basal layer produce pigment granules?
Which cells in the basal layer produce pigment granules?
The thickest layer of the skin is called the ______.
The thickest layer of the skin is called the ______.
The 2 layers of the dermis are the _______.
The 2 layers of the dermis are the _______.
_________ aid in the production of collagen and elastin.
_________ aid in the production of collagen and elastin.
The junction of the dermis and epidermis is called the _______ layer.
The junction of the dermis and epidermis is called the _______ layer.
Stretch marks are caused by _______.
Stretch marks are caused by _______.
The primary cause of wrinkles is the damage and loss of _______.
The primary cause of wrinkles is the damage and loss of _______.
Subcutis or _______ tissue is found below the reticular layer.
Subcutis or _______ tissue is found below the reticular layer.
If you have folliculitis you have ________.
If you have folliculitis you have ________.
Which fibers stimulate the arrector pili muscles?
Which fibers stimulate the arrector pili muscles?
Differences in genetic skin color are due to ________.
Differences in genetic skin color are due to ________.
Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes are referred to as __________.
Products that suppress melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes are referred to as __________.
Apocrine glands are most active ________.
Apocrine glands are most active ________.
What do cells need in order to survive?
What do cells need in order to survive?
What stimulates cell turnover?
What stimulates cell turnover?
Free radicals _______.
Free radicals _______.
Identify the greatest aging effect on skin.
Identify the greatest aging effect on skin.
Which of these is an indication of free radical damage?
Which of these is an indication of free radical damage?
_________ are called the burning rays.
_________ are called the burning rays.
Approximately ________% of aging is caused by sun exposure.
Approximately ________% of aging is caused by sun exposure.
As estrogen depletes, skin begins to ________.
As estrogen depletes, skin begins to ________.
Estrogen used in hormone replacement therapy can come from _______.
Estrogen used in hormone replacement therapy can come from _______.
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Study Notes
Physiology and Skin Overview
- Physiology studies the functions of living organisms.
- The skin is the largest organ of the body, playing a vital protective role.
- Skin appendages include hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands.
- The skin hosts approximately half of the body's primary immune cells.
- Primary functions of the skin are to protect against outside elements and microorganisms.
Skin Structure and Functions
- The skin's barrier function is supported by the acid mantle, with an average pH of 5.5.
- Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) refers to the loss of water through the skin.
- Intercellular cement, made of lipids, helps maintain skin structure and hydration.
Immune Response
- T cells are immune cells that protect against foreign substances.
- Sensory nerve fibers are concentrated in fingertips, enhancing tactile sensation.
Temperature Regulation
- The human body's internal thermostat averages 98.6°F.
- Sudoriferous glands excrete perspiration, helping in thermoregulation and detoxification.
Skin Gland Functions
- Sebaceous glands soften skin and secrete sebum, offering protection from external elements.
Skin Layers and Cellular Dynamics
- The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which make up about 95% of the layer.
- Stratum Lucidum features clear cells and is located just below the stratum corneum, the outermost layer.
- Cell turnover rate in the epidermis averages 28 days, with desquamation being the shedding process of keratinocytes.
Epidermal Structure Details
- Squamous cells are flat and scaly; keratin and lipids are formed in the stratum granulosum.
- Melanin is produced in the stratum germinativum, where mitosis also occurs.
- Melanocytes are specialized cells in the basal layer responsible for pigment production.
Dermis Structure and Functions
- The dermis is the thickest skin layer, consisting of papillary and reticular layers.
- Fibroblasts in the dermis aid collagen and elastin production, providing skin elasticity and firmness.
- Stretch marks and wrinkles result from damaged elastin fibers and loss of elasticity.
Subcutaneous and Dermal Layers
- The subcutis, or adipose tissue, lies beneath the reticular layer of the dermis.
- The epidermis, dermis, and subcutis together create the skin's structural anatomy.
Skin Conditions and Gland Activity
- Folliculitis is characterized by ingrown hairs.
- Motor nerves stimulate arrector pili muscles, contributing to hair raising.
- Genetic differences in skin color stem from the varying amounts of melanin activated in the skin.
Skin Aging and Protection
- Tyrosinase inhibitors reduce melanin production by interrupting biochemical processes.
- Apocrine glands are primarily active during emotional changes.
- Essential for cell survival are nourishment, protection, and the ability to function.
- Alpha hydroxy acids can stimulate cell turnover, enhancing skin rejuvenation.
Free Radicals and Aging
- Free radicals act as "super oxidizers," damaging cell membranes and stealing electrons from other molecules.
- UV rays, especially UVB rays, are identified as primary factors in skin damage and aging, responsible for about 80-85% of aging.
- Red and inflamed skin serves as an indicator of free radical damage.
- With reduced estrogen levels, skin tonicity diminishes, leading to aging signs.
Hormonal Influences
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can utilize estrogen derived from plants or animals, impacting skin health and aging.
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