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Questions and Answers
Rods that are equal in circumference along their entire length or curling area are:
Rods that are equal in circumference along their entire length or curling area are:
What is the chemical reaction called that breaks disulfide bonds in the cortex during permanent waving?
What is the chemical reaction called that breaks disulfide bonds in the cortex during permanent waving?
reduction
Chains that are formed by peptide bonds that are linked together are:
Chains that are formed by peptide bonds that are linked together are:
What is the tough exterior layer of the hair structure called?
What is the tough exterior layer of the hair structure called?
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What is the range of numbers used in the pH scale?
What is the range of numbers used in the pH scale?
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What is the angle at which a permanent wave rod is positioned on the head called?
What is the angle at which a permanent wave rod is positioned on the head called?
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What bonds does a correct permanent wave service alter?
What bonds does a correct permanent wave service alter?
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In permanent waving, what are the smaller subsections of hair called?
In permanent waving, what are the smaller subsections of hair called?
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Waves that are activated from an outside heat source are considered:
Waves that are activated from an outside heat source are considered:
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More than any other single factor, what determines the ability of the hair to hold a curl?
More than any other single factor, what determines the ability of the hair to hold a curl?
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In permanent waving, the size of the curl is determined by the:
In permanent waving, the size of the curl is determined by the:
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What is the cortex layer of the hair structure responsible for?
What is the cortex layer of the hair structure responsible for?
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What type of chemical solution is required for coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle?
What type of chemical solution is required for coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle?
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Hair that has too many disulfide bonds broken and will not hold a firm curl is considered:
Hair that has too many disulfide bonds broken and will not hold a firm curl is considered:
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In a basic perm wrap, all rods within a panel move in the same direction, and the base control is:
In a basic perm wrap, all rods within a panel move in the same direction, and the base control is:
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Hair coloring products that contain metallic salts are not compatible with:
Hair coloring products that contain metallic salts are not compatible with:
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Before applying a neutralizer to the hair, it should be thoroughly:
Before applying a neutralizer to the hair, it should be thoroughly:
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How should the bands of permanent wave rods be fastened?
How should the bands of permanent wave rods be fastened?
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What is the main active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent waves?
What is the main active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent waves?
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All acid waves have three components consisting of the waving lotion, neutralizer, and:
All acid waves have three components consisting of the waving lotion, neutralizer, and:
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The term used to describe the diameter of a single strand of hair is:
The term used to describe the diameter of a single strand of hair is:
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What is the process of stopping the action of permanent waves and hardening the hair into its new form called?
What is the process of stopping the action of permanent waves and hardening the hair into its new form called?
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The double rod technique is also called the:
The double rod technique is also called the:
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Another term that is used to describe the medulla of the hair structure is the:
Another term that is used to describe the medulla of the hair structure is the:
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Permanent wave rods that produce a tighter curl in the center and looser curl on either side of the strand are:
Permanent wave rods that produce a tighter curl in the center and looser curl on either side of the strand are:
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What are the long, coiled polypeptide chains that make up approximately 97 percent of the hair's structure?
What are the long, coiled polypeptide chains that make up approximately 97 percent of the hair's structure?
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Most acid waves have a pH value between:
Most acid waves have a pH value between:
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To change the natural wave pattern of hair, the side bond of what layer of hair must be broken?
To change the natural wave pattern of hair, the side bond of what layer of hair must be broken?
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Most alkaline permanent waves have a pH between:
Most alkaline permanent waves have a pH between:
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What wrapping technique provides the most control over hair ends and keeps them evenly distributed over the entire length of the rods?
What wrapping technique provides the most control over hair ends and keeps them evenly distributed over the entire length of the rods?
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What are the most common reducing agents used in thio-free waves?
What are the most common reducing agents used in thio-free waves?
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What are the two methods of wrapping the hair around a perm rod?
What are the two methods of wrapping the hair around a perm rod?
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In the croquignole method of wrapping, the hair is wound from:
In the croquignole method of wrapping, the hair is wound from:
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What is the wrap used on endpaper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope called?
What is the wrap used on endpaper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope called?
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What should be avoided with on-base rod placement to prevent additional stress on hair?
What should be avoided with on-base rod placement to prevent additional stress on hair?
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In permanent waving, what determines the shape and type of curl?
In permanent waving, what determines the shape and type of curl?
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What is the process of permanently altering the natural wave pattern of hair called?
What is the process of permanently altering the natural wave pattern of hair called?
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In permanent waving, the reduction reaction is due to the addition of:
In permanent waving, the reduction reaction is due to the addition of:
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All perm wraps begin by sectioning the hair into:
All perm wraps begin by sectioning the hair into:
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Chemical services performed on overly porous hair require solutions that are:
Chemical services performed on overly porous hair require solutions that are:
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What are the most common reducing agents used?
What are the most common reducing agents used?
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Chemical services should not be performed if the scalp analysis shows any signs of:
Chemical services should not be performed if the scalp analysis shows any signs of:
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An acid with a low pH that is the primary reducing agent in acid waves is:
An acid with a low pH that is the primary reducing agent in acid waves is:
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What are the two important functions performed during the neutralization process?
What are the two important functions performed during the neutralization process?
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The term used to measure the hydrogen ions in a solution that determine its alkalinity or acidity is:
The term used to measure the hydrogen ions in a solution that determine its alkalinity or acidity is:
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What is key to ensuring complete penetration of permanent wave solution on coarse hair?
What is key to ensuring complete penetration of permanent wave solution on coarse hair?
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Weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges are called:
Weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges are called:
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Hydrogen bonds are easily broken by water or heat and are re-formed when the hair is:
Hydrogen bonds are easily broken by water or heat and are re-formed when the hair is:
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What do exothermic waves create that heats the solution and speeds up processing?
What do exothermic waves create that heats the solution and speeds up processing?
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Study Notes
Chemical Texture Services - Permanent Waving
- Straight Rods: Rods with uniform circumference from end to end, providing even curls.
- Reduction Reaction: The waving solution affects disulfide bonds in the cortex through a chemical reaction known as reduction.
- Polypeptides: Chains formed by linked peptide bonds, integral to hair structure.
- Cuticle Layer: The outermost tough layer of the hair, critical for protection.
- pH Scale: Ranges from 0 to 14; below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic.
- Base Direction: Refers to the angle at which the perm rod is positioned on the head during the wrapping process.
- Side Bonds: Permanent wave services specifically alter these bonds to change hair structure.
- Base Sections: Smaller subsections of hair created from dividing panels during permanent waving.
- Endothermic Waves: These waves require an external heat source for activation.
- Elasticity: The most crucial factor influencing hair's ability to hold a curl.
- Rod Size: Determines the size of the curl in permanent waving.
- Cortex's Role: Responsible for hair's strength and elasticity, housing most of the hair's structure.
- Chemical Solutions for Resistant Hair: Coarse hair with a compact cuticle needs highly alkaline solutions for effective restructuring.
- Overprocessed Hair: Hair that has had too many disulfide bonds broken, leading to weak curl retention.
- Basic Perm Wrap: Involves all rods moving in the same direction with half-off base control.
- Metallic Salts: Found in some hair coloring products, incompatible with permanent waving services.
- Neutralizer Application: Requires the hair to be thoroughly rinsed before application to stop the waving process.
- Rod Bands: Should be smooth and fastened straight across the top to ensure even tension.
- Active Ingredient in Alkaline Waves: Ammonium thioglycolate serves as the primary reducing agent.
- Acid Waves Components: Include the waving lotion, neutralizer, and activator.
- Hair Texture: Refers to the diameter of a single hair strand, affecting style choices.
- Neutralization Process: Stops the action of perm solutions and hardens hair into the new shape.
- Double Rod Technique: Also known as the piggyback wrap, improves curl definition for long hair.
- Medulla: Another term for the core of the hair structure, lesser-known than cuticle and cortex.
- Amino Acids: The fundamental building blocks of proteins that compose hair.
- Concave Rods: Create tighter curls at the center and looser curls at the sides, varying curl patterns.
- Keratin Proteins: Long chains making up about 97% of hair’s structure, providing strength.
- Acid Wave pH: Typically ranges from 7.8 to 8.2, lower than alkaline waves.
- Cortex Side Bonds: Must be broken to alter the natural wave pattern of hair.
- Alkaline Wave pH: Generally between 9.0 and 9.6, creating stronger curls.
- Double Flat Wrap: A technique that provides excellent control of hair ends during the waving process.
- Thio-Free Waves: Use mercaptamine or cysteamine as common reducing agents to avoid harsh chemicals.
- Wrapping Techniques: Include croquignole (from ends to scalp) and spiral methods for varied curl results.
- Bookend Wrap: Utilizes endpaper folded over hair ends, resembling an envelope closure.
- On-Base Rod Placement: Requires caution to prevent extra stress and tension on the hair.
- Curl Shape Determinants: The shape of the perm rod and the method of wrapping influence curl formation.
- Chemical Texture Services: Involves permanently altering hair's natural wave pattern.
- Hydrogen Addition: Facilitates the reduction reaction during permanent waving.
- Panel Sectioning: The process begins by dividing hair into panels for more precise application.
- Low pH Solutions: Used for chemically treating overly porous hair, ensuring gentler care.
- Thioglycolic Acids: Widely used reducing agents in permanent waving services.
- Scalp Analysis: Essential to check for abrasions before performing any chemical services.
- Reducing Agent in Acid Waves: Glyceryl monothioglycolate, crucial for effective chemical waving.
- Neutralization Functions: Include deactivating the waving solution and rebuilding disulfide bonds.
- Potential Hydrogen: The term used to quantify hydrogen ions in a solution, determining its acidity or alkalinity.
- Saturation of Cortex: Ensures complete absorption of permanent wave solution in coarse hair.
- Salt Bonds: Weak physical side bonds that form due to attractions between opposing electrical charges.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Easily broken by water or heat and reformed when hair dries, affecting style longevity.
- Exothermic Waves: Generate heat through a chemical reaction, accelerating the processing time.
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Test your knowledge on permanent waving and chemical texture services with these flashcards. Each card focuses on key terms and concepts essential for understanding chemical processes in hair treatment. Perfect for students in cosmetology or anyone looking to deepen their knowledge in this field.
