Milady Chapter 11 - Hair and Scalp Properties
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Questions and Answers

All professional hair services must be based on a thorough understanding of the growth, ________________, and composition of the hair.

structure

List why it is important for a cosmetologist to study and understand the properties of the hair and scalp.

  1. You need to know how and why hair grows and falls out to differentiate between normal and abnormal hair loss. 2) Knowing what creates natural color and texture is vital for offering various chemical services. 3) Spotting an unhealthy scalp condition aids clients in caring for their scalp and hair's well-being.

___________________ is the scientific study of hair and its diseases and care.

trichology

A mature strand of human hair is divided into two parts: the _________________ and the _______________.

<p>hair root, hair shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hair follicle?

<p>The tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hair bulb?

<p>The thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the root.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dermal papilla?

<p>Small, cone-shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrector pili muscle?

<p>Small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sebaceous glands?

<p>The oil glands in the skin that are connected to the hair follicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are hair follicles not found on the body?

<p>Palms of the hands and soles of the feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than one hair will never grow from a single follicle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lowest part of the hair strand is called the hair __________.

<p>bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the hair root contains the blood and nerve supply that provides nutrients for hair growth?

<p>dermal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle causes goose bumps?

<p>arrector pili muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sebaceous glands secrete a fatty or oily substance called _________.

<p>sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main layers of the hair shaft?

<ol> <li>hair cuticle 2) cortex 3) medulla</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The outermost layer of the hair is the ___________.

<p>hair cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the hair cuticle layer.

<p>Transparent, scale-like cells that look like the shingles of a roof.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a healthy cuticle layer protect?

<p>The healthy cuticle layer will protect the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you hold the end of a single strand of hair in one hand and then grasp it between the thumb and forefinger of the other hand and move them down the hair shaft, the hair will feel ______________.

<p>rougher</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must oxidation hair colors have an alkaline pH?

<p>To penetrate the cuticle layer by swelling it and lifting to expose the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the hair is the cortex?

<p>Middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total weight of hair comes from the cortex?

<p>90 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three properties for which the cortex is responsible.

<ol> <li>elasticity 2) natural color 3) changes</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

In what layer do changes involving oxidation hair coloring take place?

<p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______________ is the innermost layer of the hair and is composed of round cells.

<p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

All hair has three layers of the hair shaft.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All male beard hair contains a medulla.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla is involved in salon services.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hair is composed of _______________ that grows from cells originating within the hair follicle.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maturation of these cells is a process called _________________________.

<p>keratinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hair is a living thing. Explain your answer.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the main elements that make up human hair and their percentage in normal hair.

<p>Carbon (51%), Oxygen (21%), Hydrogen (6%), Nitrogen (17%), Sulfur (5%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Together, the five elements that make up human hair are referred to as the ___________ elements.

<p>COHNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are amino acids?

<p>Units that are joined together and make up proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the helix?

<p>The spiral shape of a coiled protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide bond?

<p>The strong, chemical bond that joins amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide chain?

<p>A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three different types of side bonds called?

<ol> <li>hydrogen bond 2) salt bond 3) disulfide bond</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

A ___________________ bond is a weak, physical, cross-link side bond that is easily broken by water or heat.

<p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are salt bonds?

<p>Weak, physical, cross-linked side bonds between adjacent polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _______________ bond is a strong, chemical side bond that joins the sulfur atoms of two neighboring cysteine amino acids.

<p>disulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the hair's strong chemical side bonds broken?

<p>The bonds can be broken by extreme heat produced by boiling water and some high-temperature thermal styling tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are melanin?

<p>The tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is gray hair different from other hair colors?

<p>Gray hair contains only a few scattered melanin granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____________ of hair refers to the shape of the hair strand.

<p>wave pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the descriptions of wave patterns?

<p>Straight, wavy, curly, extremely curly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do natural wave patterns result from?

<p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe hair characteristics of Asians and Native Americans.

<p>Tend to have extremely straight hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe hair characteristics of African Americans.

<p>Tend to have extremely curly hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In extremely curly hair, cross-sections appear ____________________.

<p>flattened</p> Signup and view all the answers

The shape of a cross-section of hair always relates to the amount of curl in the hair.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extremely curly hair often has _______________ elasticity.

<p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of hair found on the body?

<ol> <li>vellus hair 2) terminal hair</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Describe vellus hair.

<p>Short, fine, unpigmented, and downy hair that appears on the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is vellus hair usually found on adults?

<p>Places typically considered hairless, like the forehead and eyelids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Men retain __________ vellus hair than women.

<p>less</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe terminal hair.

<p>Long, coarse, pigmented hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is terminal hair found?

<p>Scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of both males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All hair follicles are capable of producing either vellus or terminal hair.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anagen phase?

<p>The growth phase of new hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the catagen phase?

<p>The transition period between the growth and resting phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the telogen phase?

<p>The resting phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average growth of healthy scalp hair per month?

<p>1/2 inch (1.25 cm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does scalp hair tend to grow most rapidly?

<p>Between the ages of 15 and 30.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of scalp hair is in the catagen phase at any one time?

<p>Less than 1 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any one time?

<p>A little less than 10 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the anagen phase generally last?

<p>3 to 5 years, but in some cases 10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shaving, clipping, and cutting the hair makes it grow back faster, darker, and coarser.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scalp massage increases hair growth.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gray hair is coarser and more resistant than pigmented hair.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cross-section of hair can be almost any shape, and its shape does not necessarily relate to the amount of curl.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under normal circumstances, everyone loses some hair every day.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to recent measurements, what is the average rate of hair loss?

<p>35 to 40 hairs per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how bald and balding men are perceived by others.

<p>Less physically attractive, less assertive, less successful, less personally likeable, older (by about 5 years).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal hair loss is not as common in women as in men.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal hair loss is called _________________.

<p>alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____________________________ is the result of genetics, age, or hormonal changes that cause terminal hair to ______________.

<p>androgenic alopecia, turn to vellus hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

In men, androgenic alopecia is known as ________________________.

<p>male pattern baldness</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the age of 35, what percentage of men and women show some degree of hair loss?

<p>40 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people does androgenic alopecia affect in the United States?

<p>Millions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is alopecia areata?

<p>An autoimmune disorder that causes the affected hair follicles to be mistakenly attacked by a person's immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alopecia areata that progresses to total scalp hair loss is called _____________________.

<p>alopecia totalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

When alopecia areata results in complete body hair loss, it is called _______________________________.

<p>alopecia universalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jane, a client at your salon, gave birth three months ago and complains of shedding. This condition is called ___________________________.

<p>postpartum alopecia</p> Signup and view all the answers

You reassure Jane that her hair growth cycle should return to _______________ within about _____________________ after the baby is delivered.

<p>normal, one year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the only two products that stimulate hair growth and are approved by the FDA for sale in the United States?

<p>Minoxidil and finasteride</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is minoxidil?

<p>A topical medication to be applied to the scalp twice a day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is finasteride?

<p>An oral prescription medication for men only and is more effective and convenient than its nonprescription counterpart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are pregnant women warned against contact with the oral prescription medication used for hair loss in men?

<p>There is a strong potential of it causing birth defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the most common permanent treatment for hair loss.

<p>Hair transplant removes small sections of hair from an area with a lot of hair and transplants them into a bald area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nonmedical options can a hairstylist offer to counter hair loss?

<p>Wigs, toupees, hair weavings, hair extensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the different possible causes of hair loss.

<p>Androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, postpartum alopecia, alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canities is the technical term for _____________.

<p>gray hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ringed hair?

<p>Characterized by alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypertrichosis?

<p>A condition of abnormal growth of hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is trichoptilosis?

<p>Technical term for split ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is trichorrhexis nodosa?

<p>Technical term for knotted hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is monilethrix?

<p>Technical term for beaded hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fragilitas crinium?

<p>Technical term for brittle hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are two types of canities. They are _______________________ canities and _____________________ canities.

<p>congenital, acquired</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to genetics, _______________ and _________________ may also cause premature gray hair.

<p>prolonged anxiety, illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of hypertrichosis? What are possible treatments?

<p>Mustaches or light beards on women; treatments include electrolysis, laser hair removal, tweezing, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Softening the hair with conditioners and moisturizers is often used in the treatment of ____________________ and may also help ___________________, but will not repair split ends.

<p>hair conditioning, dry ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Properties of Hair and Scalp

  • Professional hair services require a thorough understanding of hair growth, structure, and composition.

  • Knowledge of hair properties helps differentiate between normal and abnormal hair loss, understanding color and texture for chemical services, and recognizing unhealthy scalp conditions.

Trichology

  • Trichology is the scientific study of hair, derived from the Greek words for hair (trichos) and study (ology).

Hair Structure

  • A mature strand of hair consists of the hair root (below the epidermis) and the hair shaft (above the epidermis).

  • Hair follicles are tube-like depressions in the skin that house hair roots.

Key Components of Hair

  • Hair bulb forms the lower part of the root, while the dermal papilla supplies blood and nutrients.

  • Sebaceous glands are oil glands that lubricate hair, secreting a substance known as sebum.

Hair Layers

  • The hair shaft comprises three main layers: cuticle (outermost), cortex (middle), and medulla (innermost).

  • The cuticle protects the cortex, consists of transparent scale-like cells, and helps in the hair's overall health.

  • The cortex is responsible for 90% of hair's weight and plays a critical role in elasticity, color, and changes through chemical processes.

Hair Composition and Growth

  • Hair is made primarily of protein, with key elements including carbon (51%), oxygen (21%), hydrogen (6%), nitrogen (17%), and sulfur (5%).

  • Keratinization is the process by which hair cells mature and become keratinized, indicating the hair is no longer living once it emerges from the scalp.

  • Healthy scalp hair grows on average 1/2 inch (1.25 cm) per month, with rapid growth occurring from ages 15 to 30.

Hair Growth Phases

  • The hair growth cycle includes three phases: anagen (growth), catagen (transition), and telogen (resting).

  • An average of 35-40 hairs are lost daily, and up to 10% of scalp hair may be in the telogen phase at any one time.

Hair Types and Variants

  • There are two primary hair types: vellus hair (short, fine, unpigmented) and terminal hair (long, coarse, pigmented).

  • Cross-sections of hair can vary in shape, influencing the degree of curl, but do not always correlate with curl amount.

Hair Loss and Conditions

  • Abnormal hair loss is termed alopecia, with types including androgenic alopecia (genetic), alopecia areata (autoimmune), and postpartum alopecia (post childbirth).

  • Treatments for hair loss include FDA-approved minoxidil and finasteride, with options for non-medical solutions like wigs or hair weavings.

Hair Conditions and Disorders

  • Canities is the technical term for gray hair, which can be congenital or acquired.

  • Hypertrichosis refers to abnormal hair growth, while conditions such as trichoptilosis (split ends) and trichorrhexis nodosa (knotted hair) affect hair texture and health.

Summary of Key Concepts

  • Hair care professionals must understand the biology of hair to offer effective services.

  • Awareness of changes in hair and scalp conditions contributes to better client care and satisfaction.

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Description

Test your knowledge of hair and scalp properties with this quiz based on Milady Chapter 11. Understand the essential concepts that every cosmetologist must know regarding hair growth, structure, and composition. Prepare for professional hair services by mastering these fundamental principles.

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