Migration Theories to the Americas

Migration Theories to the Americas

• Bering Land Bridge Theory: During the last ice age, a land connection (Beringia) formed between Asia and North America due to lower sea levels. Early humans crossed this bridge. Evidence includes archeological sites (Clovis spear points, human remains) and genetic similarities between Native Americans and ancient Siberian populations. Challenges to this theory include archeological findings suggesting earlier arrival times than the land bridge's existence.

Coastal Migration Theory

• This theory suggests early humans traveled along the coasts in boats. Evidence includes archeological sites (like Monte Verde in Chile) and geological data demonstrating potential coastal routes during the ice age. However, genetic evidence suggests diverse origins, not a single coastal route.

Pacific Route Theory

• Early humans may have migrated to the Americas using canoes across the Pacific. Evidence includes archeological findings of coastal sites in the Pacific exhibiting early human activity and possible techniques for long-distance travel. However, this theory struggles with timeline issues, not aligning with the Bering Land Bridge theory, and the significant oceanic challenges implied for such a vast and dangerous journey.

Aboriginal Societies Before Contact

• Animism: Many cultures held spiritual beliefs about the interconnectedness of nature.
• Nature Connection: The land was viewed as a living entity.
• No Ownership: Land was a shared resource, not an object of individual ownership.

Colonization: Three Reasons

• Gospel: European powers aimed to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity.
• Gold: Desire for wealth, resources and trade drove colonization.
• Glory: Acquisition of land and power enhanced the status of European nations.

Contact Effects on Europeans

• New Foods: Increased food choices with indigenous products like coffee, potatoes, peppers, and sugar.
• Medical Knowledge: Europeans learned new remedies native to indigenous cultures.
• Government Structures: Europeans borrowed ideas from indigenous governing systems, but often disregarding aboriginal land rights.

Contact Effects on Aboriginal Peoples

• Disease: Europeans introduced deadly diseases like smallpox and measles.
• Dependence: Indigenous peoples became reliant on European goods
• Loss of Culture: Europeans imposed their culture and language causing loss of traditional ways.
• Improved Agriculture: Introduction of horses and livestock.

WWI Effects on Canada

• Relationship with Britain: Canada gained more independence.
• World Status: Canada earned greater international respect.
• Women's Rights: Wartime roles led to advancements in women's rights.
• Canadian Identity: The war shaped a stronger national identity separate from Britain.

Slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade

• Millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas as slaves over 15th and 19th centuries.
• Enslaved people were used for labor in colonies.

Types of Sovereignty

• Legal sovereignty: a state's ability to make and enforce laws.
• Constitutional sovereignty: Authority of a state based on a constitution.
• Territorial sovereignty: A state's control over its territory.
• Popular sovereignty: Government authority derived from the consent of the governed.

Russia's Motives for Invading Ukraine

• Strategic Influence: Boosting its reach in Eastern Europe and countering NATO expansion.
• Economic Resources: Accessing Ukraine's valuable resources.
• Political Power: Maintaining influence over former Soviet territories.

Parallel Troubles in Ireland and Ukraine

• Identity Issues: Both involved conflicts due to distinct national identities.
• Violence: Both countries experienced violent conflict over self governance.
• Community Divisions: Both involved conflicts stemming from different communities.

Sovereignty Challenges in Canada

• Indigenous Groups: Demand greater control over land and self-governance.
• Quebec: Challenges over self determination and national unity.
• Economic Tensions: Resource management and dispute between provinces.

Sovereignty in Palestine and India

• Colonial Rule: Both regions had periods of colonial rule that exacerbated existing tensions.
• National Identity: Strong national identities emerged in India and Palestine during British colonization.
• Violence and Displacement: Both regions saw significant violence, displacement, and civil unrest over control of territory.

Governance in the American Revolution (1775–1783)

• Taxation without Representation: Colonists opposed taxes imposed by Britain without representation.
• Disputes about Colonial Affairs: Britain's interference in colonial administration.
• Desire for Independence: Colonists sought to control their own laws and governance.

Rights Apart of the Charter

• Freedom of Expression: Individuals can express opinions without limitations by the government.
• Right to Vote: Citizens can participate in elections to express their democratic views.
• Equality Rights: Guarantees equal treatment based on characteristics like gender or race.
• Freedom of Religion: Citizens can practice any religion or none.
• Legal Rights: Ensures fair treatment under the law.

Oakes Test for Charter Infringement

• The government can infringe on charter rights if it can show the infringement to be reasonable and justified. Courts need to make sure the government's infringement actions are minimal.

Issues in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms

• The government needs a reasonable justification for limiting rights. There needs to be an important public interest to limit those rights.

Labour Justice and Trade Unions

• Fair Wages and Conditions: Advocates for fair wages, safe working environments, and benefits for workers.
• Representing Workers: Negotiates with companies on behalf of workers.
• Collective Bargaining: Trade unions negotiate with employers over wages and other working factors.

Women's Rights

• Gradual progression to gain political rights (including voting rights)
• Significant historical figures like Nellie McClung.

YCJA and Young Offenders

• Youth Criminal Justice Act: Aimed to balance youth rehabilitation with accountability.
• Replaced the Young Offenders Act, focusing on rehabilitation, justice, and restoration.

Diversion Programs

• Extrajudicial Measures: Community service, counseling, or other measures for first-time, minor offenders.
• Avoiding a Criminal Record: Avoiding arrest or conviction.

###Custody and Bail

• Stricter conditions: Curfews, supervision by adults, or restrictions on contact.
• Consideration of dangerousness: Foster care or supervised homes may be considered for those with higher risk factors.

Environmental Racism

• Communities are unfairly exposed to environmental hazards because of discriminatory policies or practices(such as industrial waste).