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Questions and Answers
What is Animism, as described in the context of Aboriginal cultures?
What is Animism, as described in the context of Aboriginal cultures?
Aboriginal cultures viewed land as an object to be owned by individuals.
Aboriginal cultures viewed land as an object to be owned by individuals.
False
Name one of the three main reasons for European colonization.
Name one of the three main reasons for European colonization.
Gospel, Gold, or Glory
One major effect of contact on Aboriginals was the introduction of European ________ to which they had no immunity.
One major effect of contact on Aboriginals was the introduction of European ________ to which they had no immunity.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following was NOT a new food introduced to Europeans because of contact with other cultures?
Which of the following was NOT a new food introduced to Europeans because of contact with other cultures?
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Europeans did not borrow any principles from aboriginal government structures.
Europeans did not borrow any principles from aboriginal government structures.
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What is the name of the land connection that is theorized to have formed between Asia and North America during the last ice age?
What is the name of the land connection that is theorized to have formed between Asia and North America during the last ice age?
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The Coastal Migration Theory suggests that early humans crossed the Bering Land Bridge by foot.
The Coastal Migration Theory suggests that early humans crossed the Bering Land Bridge by foot.
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Besides diseases, name one other negative effect that contact had on aboriginal peoples.
Besides diseases, name one other negative effect that contact had on aboriginal peoples.
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What type of tool, found at archeological sites, is often used as evidence in support of the Bering Land Bridge theory?
What type of tool, found at archeological sites, is often used as evidence in support of the Bering Land Bridge theory?
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The Coastal Migration theory suggests that early humans travelled along the coast in ______.
The Coastal Migration theory suggests that early humans travelled along the coast in ______.
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Match the following theories with their primary mode of migration:
Match the following theories with their primary mode of migration:
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What is one piece of evidence that provides support for the Pacific Route Theory?
What is one piece of evidence that provides support for the Pacific Route Theory?
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Which of these crops were the source of increased labor demands in the colonies?
Which of these crops were the source of increased labor demands in the colonies?
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Genetic evidence fully supports the Coastal Migration Theory, showing that early people in North America all came from the same route.
Genetic evidence fully supports the Coastal Migration Theory, showing that early people in North America all came from the same route.
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Economic sovereignty refers to a state's ability to enforce laws without outside influence.
Economic sovereignty refers to a state's ability to enforce laws without outside influence.
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What challenge does the theory of the Bering Land Bridge face in relation to the timeline of early human arrival in the Americas?
What challenge does the theory of the Bering Land Bridge face in relation to the timeline of early human arrival in the Americas?
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What is a primary strategic motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine?
What is a primary strategic motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine?
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The disintegration of the ________ after World War I led to new nations in the Middle East, sparking conflicts.
The disintegration of the ________ after World War I led to new nations in the Middle East, sparking conflicts.
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Match the type of sovereignty with its description:
Match the type of sovereignty with its description:
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What was a consequence of the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
What was a consequence of the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
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The conflicts in Ireland and Ukraine have no relation to issues of identity.
The conflicts in Ireland and Ukraine have no relation to issues of identity.
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What is one economic motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine?
What is one economic motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine?
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What treaty officially ended the American Revolutionary War?
What treaty officially ended the American Revolutionary War?
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The Mayflower Compact included all residents of the Plymouth Colony, regardless of race or gender, to vote.
The Mayflower Compact included all residents of the Plymouth Colony, regardless of race or gender, to vote.
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What was the main outcome of the Glorious Revolution in England?
What was the main outcome of the Glorious Revolution in England?
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The system of land distribution in New France was known as the __________ system.
The system of land distribution in New France was known as the __________ system.
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Which of the following was NOT a cause of the American Revolution?
Which of the following was NOT a cause of the American Revolution?
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Match the following events with their significance:
Match the following events with their significance:
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What was the social structure in France before the revolution?
What was the social structure in France before the revolution?
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What was the impact of Loyalist migration on Canada ?
What was the impact of Loyalist migration on Canada ?
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What type of government did France have prior to the French revolution?
What type of government did France have prior to the French revolution?
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The traditional Aboriginal governance system emphasizes individual decision-making over community involvement.
The traditional Aboriginal governance system emphasizes individual decision-making over community involvement.
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What is the primary role of elders in traditional Aboriginal governance?
What is the primary role of elders in traditional Aboriginal governance?
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In Canada, the legal system is influenced by British common law and French ______.
In Canada, the legal system is influenced by British common law and French ______.
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Match each term with its description:
Match each term with its description:
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What document protects the rights and freedoms of all Canadians?
What document protects the rights and freedoms of all Canadians?
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Canada's legal system emphasizes the idea that one is guilty until proven innocent.
Canada's legal system emphasizes the idea that one is guilty until proven innocent.
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What is one of the primary challenges faced by Aboriginal governance systems
What is one of the primary challenges faced by Aboriginal governance systems
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Which of these is NOT a typical condition for youth on bail?
Which of these is NOT a typical condition for youth on bail?
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The maximum sentence a young offender can receive is the same as an adult committing a similar crime.
The maximum sentence a young offender can receive is the same as an adult committing a similar crime.
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What is the primary focus of the Youth Criminal Justice Act?
What is the primary focus of the Youth Criminal Justice Act?
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Youths have special protections under section ______ of the charter.
Youths have special protections under section ______ of the charter.
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What type of custody do young offenders who are seen as less of a risk receive?
What type of custody do young offenders who are seen as less of a risk receive?
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School officials are not allowed to search a student without a warrant.
School officials are not allowed to search a student without a warrant.
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What term describes the situation when marginalized communities are unfairly exposed to environmental hazards?
What term describes the situation when marginalized communities are unfairly exposed to environmental hazards?
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Match the following types of custody with their descriptions:
Match the following types of custody with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Migration to the Americas: Theories
- Bering Land Bridge Theory: Suggests a land connection (Beringia) formed during the last ice age, enabling early humans and animals to migrate from Asia to North America.
- Evidence supports this theory with archaeological sites containing ancient tools and human remains, along with genetic similarities between Native Americans and ancient Siberian populations.
- Timing issues challenge the theory as some archeological findings suggest arrival earlier than the land bridge's existence.
Coastal Migration Theory
- This theory proposes early humans migrated along the coasts in boats.
- Evidence includes archaeological sites like Monte Verde in Chile, pointing to early human presence along coastal regions.
- Geological data suggests sea level changes during the ice age facilitated coastal travel.
- Genetic evidence, however, suggests diverse lineages, implying multiple origin points.
Pacific Route Theory
- Early humans migrated to the Americas via Pacific routes, sailing from Asia to Pacific Islands and then to the Americas.
- Evidence includes archeological findings showing early human activity in Pacific coastal sites, and possible building techniques suitable for long-distance voyages.
- Timing issues contradict this theory as the evidence does not necessarily align with arrival via Bering land bridge.
- Oceanic challenges like navigating vast and dangerous journeys also pose a difficulty for this theory.
Aboriginal Societies Before Contact
- Animism: Belief that all elements of nature possess spirits.
- Deep connection with land, viewed as a living, spiritual source of identity and culture.
- No concept of individual land ownership; communal resource shared with future generations.
Effects of Contact on Europeans
- New foods (potatoes, peppers, sugar, coffee) introduced, influencing agriculture.
- Medical knowledge from indigenous sources (e.g., scurvy cures).
- Indigenous principles borrowed for government structures, however, disregarding aboriginal land rights is a major issue.
Effects of Contact on Aboriginals
- Exposure to European diseases (smallpox, measles) led to widespread devastation due to lack of immunity.
- Dependence on European goods (guns, clothing, tools), causing loss of traditional ways.
- Cultural assimilation and language loss due to colonization.
WWI Effects on Canada
- Increased independence from Great Britain
- Enhanced global standing and participation in international affairs.
- Rise of women's roles in the workforce, impacting suffrage.
- Formation of a stronger national identity through shared experiences of war.
Sovereignty
- Sovereignty is a state's ability to create and enforce laws.
- Types of sovereignty include legal, constitutional, territorial, popular, economic, judicial, and international.
- Russia's motives for invading Ukraine include strategic, economic, and political goals - boosting Eastern European influence and controlling resources/pipelines.
Sovereignty Struggles in Empires
- Examples of empire disintegration and resulting sovereignty struggles include the Soviet Union, Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire.
- Disintegration often leads to ethnic conflicts, border disputes, and the emergence of new nations, which often struggle to establish their own independent identities.
Canada's Sovereignty
- Canada gained sovereignty through military participation and independence in international affairs as a result of World War I.
- Further developments came with the Statute of Westminster (1931) and the Constitution Act (1982), giving Canada greater control of its laws and institutions.
Quebec and Sovereignty
- The 1970 October crisis in Quebec sparked renewed calls for sovereignty and independence amidst discussions about a stronger national identity.
- This period highlights ongoing tensions between different cultural and linguistic groups in Canada.
Rights and Freedoms
- The Charter of Rights and Freedoms' protection of rights includes: freedom of expression, religion, equality, and participation in elections (right to vote).
- The charter also outlines ways in which these rights can be limited based on the public interest, while ensuring fairness.
Charter of Rights and Freedoms Case Studies
- The case studies highlight examples of limitations on individual rights in the Canadian justice system, and how this is justified via the courts.
Youth Criminal Justice Act
- The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) replaces the Young Offenders Act with restorative justice and rehabilitation as goals.
- YCJA reduces reliance on incarceration for young offenders and focuses on accountability, rehabilitation, and the needs of victims.
- Age of youth for court proceedings is also a significant point.
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Description
Explore the various theories of migration to the Americas, including the Bering Land Bridge, Coastal Migration, and Pacific Route theories. This quiz will test your understanding of the archaeological evidence and genetic connections that support these ideas. Learn about the timing challenges and the implications of diverse human lineages.