Migration Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

How does the gravity model explain migration patterns?

  • It suggests that closer destinations are more likely to attract migrants than distant destinations. (correct)
  • It emphasizes the role of cultural differences in influencing migration flows.
  • It predicts that larger cities are more likely to attract migrants than smaller cities. (correct)
  • It focuses on the impact of political instability on migration decisions.

Which of the following is a key pull factor for migration to Western Europe from Eastern Europe after the end of Communism?

  • Greater political freedom and economic opportunities in Western Europe. (correct)
  • Increased religious persecution in Eastern Europe.
  • A desire for a warmer climate in Western Europe.
  • Stricter environmental regulations in Eastern Europe.

What does the term 'brain drain' refer to in the context of migration?

  • The influx of illegal immigrants into a country.
  • The loss of skilled workers and professionals from a country due to migration. (correct)
  • The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas within a country.
  • The decline in birth rates in a country due to increased migration.

Which of the following is NOT a major wave of migration to the United States?

<p>Migration from the United Kingdom and Australia in the late 20th century. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the demographic transition act as a push factor in European migration during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>The Industrial Revolution caused widespread unemployment and poverty in Europe, pushing people to seek better opportunities elsewhere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the large-scale immigration of Irish, Italian, and Polish people to the United States during the 19th century?

<p>The implementation of quota laws in the 1920s to restrict immigration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of guest workers?

<p>They are typically allowed to stay in the host country for a limited period of time to fill temporary labor needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a refugee and a displaced person?

<p>A refugee has fled their country due to conflict or persecution, while a displaced person has been forced to leave their home due to conflict, natural disasters, or development projects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between an "intervening obstacle" and an "intervening opportunity" in migration?

<p>An intervening obstacle obstructs migration, while an intervening opportunity provides an alternative destination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why some countries accuse the United States of "brain drain"?

<p>The United States attracts highly educated and skilled individuals from other countries, draining their talent pools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major wave of global migration?

<p>Migration from South America to North America during the 20th century. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the 1920's quota laws were implemented?

<p>To limit the number of immigrants entering the United States from certain countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high level of migration from rural areas to urban areas?

<p>Rural areas offer limited economic opportunities, while urban areas have a greater abundance of jobs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge faced by guest workers in their host countries?

<p>Guest workers are often exploited by employers with low wages and poor working conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act unsuccessful in its goal of legalizing illegal immigrants?

<p>The law did not provide a pathway to citizenship for most illegal immigrants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is "counter-urbanization" and how does it differ from typical rural-to-urban migration?

<p>Counter-urbanization is the movement of people from urban areas to rural areas seeking a slower pace of life, while typical rural-to-urban migration is driven by economic opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some typical characteristics of a guest worker?

<p>They often work in low-skilled, manual labor jobs, send money back home, and live in shared housing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a push factor and a pull factor in migration?

<p>A push factor is a reason to leave a place, while a pull factor is a reason to go to a new place. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major movements in US history?

<p>The California Gold Rush (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most popular type of migration worldwide?

<p>Rural-to-urban migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major pull factor for migrants to the sunbelt region of the United States?

<p>Favorable climate and recreational opportunities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the end of communism in Eastern Europe act as both a push and a pull factor for migration to Western Europe?

<p>Push factors included poor conditions, a lack of jobs, and political oppression, while pull factors were economic opportunities and greater freedom in Western Europe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Migration

The permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Push Factor

A reason that drives people to leave their home country, often negative.

Pull Factor

A reason that attracts people to a new place, often positive.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A set of principles that describe patterns and tendencies of human migration.

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Types of Movement

Includes cyclic, periodic, transhumance, step, and chain migration.

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Distance Decay

The principle that the further away something is, the less likely people are to migrate to it.

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Demographic Transition and Migration

The relationship between population changes and migration trends across different stages.

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Guest Workers

Individuals who migrate to find employment, often filling labor shortages.

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Chain Migration

Migration pattern where people move following family or friends.

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Cyclical Movement

Regular journeys that return to the starting point.

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Counter-Urbanization

Movement of people from cities to rural areas.

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Refugees

People who flee their country due to danger or persecution.

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Displaced Persons

Individuals forced to leave their homes but remain within borders.

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1920s Quota Laws

Restrictions on immigrants based on national origins.

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1986 Immigration Reform

Legislation that provided amnesty to many illegal immigrants.

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Brain Drain

Migration of educated individuals to countries with better opportunities.

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Transhumance

Seasonal movement of people with livestock.

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Intervening Obstacles

Negative factors that hinder migration to a final destination.

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Study Notes

Migration Study Guide

  • Migration Defined: A permanent change of residence.
  • Emigration: Leaving a country.
  • Immigration: Entering a country.
  • Push Factors: Negative factors driving people away from an area (e.g., poor conditions, war).
  • Pull Factors: Positive factors attracting people to an area (e.g., better jobs, opportunities).
  • Intervening Obstacles: Barriers preventing migration (e.g., mountains, rivers).
  • Intervening Opportunities: Better options encountered during migration that lead to settling elsewhere.
  • Refugees: People fleeing a country due to persecution or war.
  • Displaced Persons: People forced to leave their homes but remain within their country's borders.
  • Guest Workers: Migrants temporarily working in another country, usually with a visa.
  • Cyclical Movement: Regular journeys back and forth to a home base.
  • Transhumance: Migration with livestock, following seasonal changes in pastureland.
  • Step Migration: Migration in stages, moving from smaller to larger settlements.
  • Chain Migration: Migrants move from one place to another that follows a family line.
  • Periodic Movement: Short-term, repetitive movements away from home.
  • Physical Environment: Climate, natural disasters can be push or pull factors.
  • Examples of Major Migration Waves/Patterns: Europe to Americas, Africa to Americas (slave trade), UK to Australia, India to South Africa, Eastern US to Western territories, early 1800s: UK, Scandinavia, and Germany; late 1800s: Ireland, Italy, and Poland.

Reasons for Migration

  • Economic Factors: Seeking jobs, better pay, economic opportunities.
  • Cultural Factors: Seeking a different culture, escaping persecution.
  • Political Reasons for Migration: Seeking political asylum, escaping war or conflict.
  • Environmental Factors: Natural disasters, climate change, searching for better living conditions.
  • Demographic Transition: A push factor in European migration during the Industrial Revolution, as seen in Ireland; a good example of both push and pull factors. (economic hardship in source countries vs. pull of opportunities in destination countries).
  • Guest Worker Programs: Workers moving temporarily due to labor demands.
  • End of Communism: Served as both a push (forced emigration) and pull (economic opportunities) factor for migration from Eastern Europe to Western Europe.
  • Israel (Diaspora to Zionism): a specific case of religious migration and cultural ties.

Impact of Migration

  • Demographic Transition Stage: Zelinski's model identifies the second stage as having the highest global migration patterns.
  • Brain Drain: Skilled workers leaving a region; a negative effect associated with migration. Possible reasons include better opportunities in another region.
  • Cultural Diffusion: Spread of culture and traditions through migration.
  • Impact on Source and Destination Countries: Socioeconomic impacts on both regions can include brain drain from source regions, and labor shortages or increases in diversity in destination countries.

Obstacles to Migration

  • Physical Barriers: Mountains, oceans, deserts.
  • Legal Restrictions: Visas, immigration policies.
  • Economic Barriers: Lack of resources, money.
  • Social/Cultural Barriers: Language barriers, prejudice.
  • Government Policies: Laws/regulations influencing migration.

Migration within Countries

  • Rural to Urban Migration: People moving from rural to urban areas.
  • Counter-Urbanization: People moving from urban to rural communities.
  • Internal Migration Patterns: Examples: Westward Expansion, Trail of Tears, Great Migration, Sun Belt migration.

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