Migration Study Guide
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How does the gravity model explain migration patterns?

  • It suggests that closer destinations are more likely to attract migrants than distant destinations. (correct)
  • It emphasizes the role of cultural differences in influencing migration flows.
  • It predicts that larger cities are more likely to attract migrants than smaller cities. (correct)
  • It focuses on the impact of political instability on migration decisions.

    • Which of the following is a key pull factor for migration to Western Europe from Eastern Europe after the end of Communism?

  • Greater political freedom and economic opportunities in Western Europe. (correct)
  • Increased religious persecution in Eastern Europe.
  • A desire for a warmer climate in Western Europe.
  • Stricter environmental regulations in Eastern Europe.

    • What does the term 'brain drain' refer to in the context of migration?

  • The influx of illegal immigrants into a country.
  • The loss of skilled workers and professionals from a country due to migration. (correct)
  • The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas within a country.
  • The decline in birth rates in a country due to increased migration.

    • Which of the following is NOT a major wave of migration to the United States?

    <p>Migration from the United Kingdom and Australia in the late 20th century. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the demographic transition act as a push factor in European migration during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The Industrial Revolution caused widespread unemployment and poverty in Europe, pushing people to seek better opportunities elsewhere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the large-scale immigration of Irish, Italian, and Polish people to the United States during the 19th century?

    <p>The implementation of quota laws in the 1920s to restrict immigration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of guest workers?

    <p>They are typically allowed to stay in the host country for a limited period of time to fill temporary labor needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a refugee and a displaced person?

    <p>A refugee has fled their country due to conflict or persecution, while a displaced person has been forced to leave their home due to conflict, natural disasters, or development projects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between an "intervening obstacle" and an "intervening opportunity" in migration?

    <p>An intervening obstacle obstructs migration, while an intervening opportunity provides an alternative destination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some countries accuse the United States of "brain drain"?

    <p>The United States attracts highly educated and skilled individuals from other countries, draining their talent pools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major wave of global migration?

    <p>Migration from South America to North America during the 20th century. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the 1920's quota laws were implemented?

    <p>To limit the number of immigrants entering the United States from certain countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high level of migration from rural areas to urban areas?

    <p>Rural areas offer limited economic opportunities, while urban areas have a greater abundance of jobs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge faced by guest workers in their host countries?

    <p>Guest workers are often exploited by employers with low wages and poor working conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act unsuccessful in its goal of legalizing illegal immigrants?

    <p>The law did not provide a pathway to citizenship for most illegal immigrants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is "counter-urbanization" and how does it differ from typical rural-to-urban migration?

    <p>Counter-urbanization is the movement of people from urban areas to rural areas seeking a slower pace of life, while typical rural-to-urban migration is driven by economic opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some typical characteristics of a guest worker?

    <p>They often work in low-skilled, manual labor jobs, send money back home, and live in shared housing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a push factor and a pull factor in migration?

    <p>A push factor is a reason to leave a place, while a pull factor is a reason to go to a new place. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the major movements in US history?

    <p>The California Gold Rush (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most popular type of migration worldwide?

    <p>Rural-to-urban migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major pull factor for migrants to the sunbelt region of the United States?

    <p>Favorable climate and recreational opportunities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways did the end of communism in Eastern Europe act as both a push and a pull factor for migration to Western Europe?

    <p>Push factors included poor conditions, a lack of jobs, and political oppression, while pull factors were economic opportunities and greater freedom in Western Europe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Migration Study Guide

    • Migration Defined: A permanent change of residence.
    • Emigration: Leaving a country.
    • Immigration: Entering a country.
    • Push Factors: Negative factors driving people away from an area (e.g., poor conditions, war).
    • Pull Factors: Positive factors attracting people to an area (e.g., better jobs, opportunities).
    • Intervening Obstacles: Barriers preventing migration (e.g., mountains, rivers).
    • Intervening Opportunities: Better options encountered during migration that lead to settling elsewhere.
    • Refugees: People fleeing a country due to persecution or war.
    • Displaced Persons: People forced to leave their homes but remain within their country's borders.
    • Guest Workers: Migrants temporarily working in another country, usually with a visa.
    • Cyclical Movement: Regular journeys back and forth to a home base.
    • Transhumance: Migration with livestock, following seasonal changes in pastureland.
    • Step Migration: Migration in stages, moving from smaller to larger settlements.
    • Chain Migration: Migrants move from one place to another that follows a family line.
    • Periodic Movement: Short-term, repetitive movements away from home.
    • Physical Environment: Climate, natural disasters can be push or pull factors.
    • Examples of Major Migration Waves/Patterns: Europe to Americas, Africa to Americas (slave trade), UK to Australia, India to South Africa, Eastern US to Western territories, early 1800s: UK, Scandinavia, and Germany; late 1800s: Ireland, Italy, and Poland.

    Reasons for Migration

    • Economic Factors: Seeking jobs, better pay, economic opportunities.
    • Cultural Factors: Seeking a different culture, escaping persecution.
    • Political Reasons for Migration: Seeking political asylum, escaping war or conflict.
    • Environmental Factors: Natural disasters, climate change, searching for better living conditions.
    • Demographic Transition: A push factor in European migration during the Industrial Revolution, as seen in Ireland; a good example of both push and pull factors. (economic hardship in source countries vs. pull of opportunities in destination countries).
    • Guest Worker Programs: Workers moving temporarily due to labor demands.
    • End of Communism: Served as both a push (forced emigration) and pull (economic opportunities) factor for migration from Eastern Europe to Western Europe.
    • Israel (Diaspora to Zionism): a specific case of religious migration and cultural ties.

    Impact of Migration

    • Demographic Transition Stage: Zelinski's model identifies the second stage as having the highest global migration patterns.
    • Brain Drain: Skilled workers leaving a region; a negative effect associated with migration. Possible reasons include better opportunities in another region.
    • Cultural Diffusion: Spread of culture and traditions through migration.
    • Impact on Source and Destination Countries: Socioeconomic impacts on both regions can include brain drain from source regions, and labor shortages or increases in diversity in destination countries.

    Obstacles to Migration

    • Physical Barriers: Mountains, oceans, deserts.
    • Legal Restrictions: Visas, immigration policies.
    • Economic Barriers: Lack of resources, money.
    • Social/Cultural Barriers: Language barriers, prejudice.
    • Government Policies: Laws/regulations influencing migration.

    Migration within Countries

    • Rural to Urban Migration: People moving from rural to urban areas.
    • Counter-Urbanization: People moving from urban to rural communities.
    • Internal Migration Patterns: Examples: Westward Expansion, Trail of Tears, Great Migration, Sun Belt migration.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 3 Migration Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the concepts of migration, including definitions and factors affecting it. Understand terms like emigration, immigration, push and pull factors, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced by migrants. This study guide will help clarify key ideas related to migration and displacement.

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