Migration & Citizenship: Week 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What economic agreement contributed to U.S. agribusiness competing with Mexican farmers?

  • USMCA
  • GATT
  • NAFTA (correct)
  • CAFTA

Which theory suggests that migration is primarily influenced by economic opportunities or lack thereof?

  • Structural theories
  • Functionalist theories
  • Neoclassical migration theory (correct)
  • Welfare magnet hypothesis

Which statement best describes the welfare magnet hypothesis?

  • Welfare provisions do not influence migration patterns.
  • High-skilled workers prefer countries with welfare states.
  • Generous welfare systems attract low-skilled migrants. (correct)
  • Migrants avoid countries with generous welfare provisions.

What aspect of migration is often overlooked in both functionalist and structural theories?

<p>Agency of individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which theory do macro-level conditions primarily determine migration choices?

<p>Structural theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do workers typically respond to economic pressures in their home countries within World Systems Theory?

<p>By migrating to wealthier countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common critique of migration theories regarding individual agency?

<p>They view individuals solely as reactants to macro forces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of labor selection based on welfare state presence, what likely choice do low-skilled workers make?

<p>Select a country with a minimum guaranteed income. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of investor citizenship programs?

<p>To attract investors by granting citizenship or residency rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for acquiring citizenship in Qatar by naturalization?

<p>Proficiency in French (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the inherent risks associated with investor citizenship and residence programs?

<p>Security concerns and money laundering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a possible method for acquiring citizenship through achievements?

<p>Based on special achievements in sports, science, or arts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of citizenship occurs when an individual holds citizenship in more than one country?

<p>Dual (multiple) citizenship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is generally not associated with dual citizenship concerns?

<p>Social integration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of citizenship acquisition by marriage in Qatar, who is eligible?

<p>Wives of naturalized Qataris after their husband's naturalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is statelessness?

<p>The status of being recognized as a national by no state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of bonding social capital?

<p>Within-group connections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'bounded solidarity' imply in the context of bonding social capital?

<p>A sense of group unity against external threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does closure in a network facilitate resource exchange?

<p>Through enforceable trust and mutual obligation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative impact can bonding social capital have on job mobility?

<p>Limiting access to diverse sources of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, job referrals based on co-ethnic ties tend to result in what type of jobs for immigrants in the US?

<p>Jobs that are paid worse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a strong tie in bonding social capital provide?

<p>Increased solidarity and resource sharing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of being embedded in ethnic networks for job opportunities?

<p>Limited interactions with the broader community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do 'mutual obligation and trust' play in social organizations like families?

<p>They strengthen relationships and resource sharing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption of the neoclassical migration theory regarding economic opportunities?

<p>Wage differentials and unemployment levels influence migration decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory considers the household as the main decision-making unit in migration?

<p>New economics of labour migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does human capital theory suggest about migration?

<p>Migration is a strategy to enhance one's economic potential through education. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Roy-Borjas model, what differentiates immigrants from the general population?

<p>Immigrants tend to be more able and motivated than their peers left behind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does the push-pull model NOT consider as influencing migration?

<p>The personal relationships of potential migrants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critique is commonly directed toward the neoclassical migration theory?

<p>It fails to account for agency in migration decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might continued migration between the U.S. and Mexico influence wage levels, according to neoclassical theory?

<p>Wage levels may balance out over time with continued migration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on the impact of historical and structural factors on migration patterns?

<p>World systems theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Council Directive 2000/43/EC?

<p>To combat discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes indirect discrimination in the context of jaywalking enforcement?

<p>It is an apparently neutral provision disadvantaging specific racial groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dutch constitution, which of the following is NOT a prohibited ground of discrimination?

<p>Age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the general provisions defined under the Equal Treatment Act?

<p>Both direct and indirect discrimination are addressed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following levels is NOT identified in the theories of discrimination according to Fibbi et al. (2021)?

<p>Cultural level theories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest design of audit/correspondence studies?

<p>Employers receive fictitious applications from two candidates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does direct discrimination refer to according to the Equal Treatment Act?

<p>Discrimination based on specific personal characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the findings on discrimination from the studies?

<p>Increased unemployment leads to higher discrimination rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most affected by discrimination according to the key conclusions?

<p>People from Muslim-majority countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total jaywalking tickets were issued to black and Latino persons?

<p>92% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed regarding discrimination rates in the US and the UK over the last 25 years?

<p>Discrimination rates have remained very stable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT mentioned in the Equal Treatment Act as a ground for discrimination?

<p>Physical ability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about discrimination and gender is correct?

<p>Discrimination levels do not clearly intersect with gender. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant trend in the design of discrimination studies since 2003?

<p>Increased complexity in study designs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequence of discrimination is noted concerning democracy?

<p>Implications for democracy due to societal divisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does prejudice play in hiring discrimination, according to the findings?

<p>Prejudice seems to play an important role linked to attitude research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does human capital theory suggest is a primary reason for ethnic disparities in the labor market?

<p>Differences in individual skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the limited portability of skills across borders as described in the human capital explanation?

<p>Challenges in recognizing foreign degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In signaling theory, what is the primary function of an educational degree?

<p>To serve as a quality signal to employers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to lower returns to education for individuals with foreign degrees?

<p>Employer biases against foreign qualifications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributes is associated with social capital?

<p>Ability to leverage networks for goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a cause of citizenship conflicts?

<p>Immigration quotas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Brubaker's comparison of citizenship regimes, which two countries are highlighted for their opposing citizenship governance?

<p>France and Germany (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a pathway to citizenship based on wealth?

<p>Golden visas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a cultural dimension of citizenship?

<p>Proliferation of integration requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of citizenship significantly affects migration opportunities?

<p>Political and economic contestations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trend illustrates a conflict between cultural identity preservation and migration benefits?

<p>Sovereignity in migration regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the territorial dimension of citizenship today?

<p>Changing nature of borders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of citizenship providing mobility rights?

<p>Facilitates visa-free travel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ius sanguinis determine?

<p>Citizenship based on parental citizenship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of ius soli?

<p>Citizenship is determined by the birthplace of an individual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of naturalization generally require?

<p>An application and approval by a public authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of ius matrimonii?

<p>Historically, it favored men over women in citizenship rights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of citizenship acquisition by ius sanguinis?

<p>Blood relations primarily determine citizenship status. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ius soli principle?

<p>Provides citizenship automatically to individuals born in a territory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically influences the requirements for naturalization in many countries?

<p>Cultural and language proficiency conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is not a recognized method of acquiring Dutch citizenship?

<p>Birthright citizenship based on ancestry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome might occur if an individual's asylum claim is rejected?

<p>They may receive another form of protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a refugee according to the 1951 Geneva Convention?

<p>An individual unwilling to return to their country due to fear of persecution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle established by Article 33 of the 1951 Geneva Convention?

<p>Refoulement of refugees is prohibited. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does voluntary migration differ from forced migration?

<p>Voluntary migration occurs without external coercion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes human trafficking from human smuggling?

<p>Human trafficking usually involves coercion or deception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)?

<p>IDPs are individuals who have not left their country but have been forced to flee their homes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 1951 Geneva Convention?

<p>To establish rights and obligations for refugees and states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a person engage in human smuggling?

<p>For financial or material gain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a driver of migration processes according to structural theories?

<p>Job availability in destination countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant critique of the Roy-Borjas model regarding the costs of migration?

<p>It applies constant costs of migration to all immigrant types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to dependency theory, what is a primary consequence of migration?

<p>Integration of peripheral regions into core economies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the conceptualization of migration in structural theories?

<p>It is a byproduct of historical events and unequal international relations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do migration policies primarily aim to influence in recent times?

<p>The selection criteria for migrants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of migration does the Roy-Borjas model neglect according to its criticisms?

<p>The existence of informal social networks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structural theory view the relationship between developed and underdeveloped countries in terms of migration?

<p>Core countries exploit peripheral regions for labor and resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dimension related to citizenship rights?

<p>Labor rights for non-citizens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the selection of immigrants according to the self-selection concept?

<p>The relative distribution of incomes in the origin and destination countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unintended consequence is associated with migration policies?

<p>Spatial substitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the world systems theory have regarding former colonial relationships?

<p>They contribute to ongoing migration as peripheral countries seek opportunities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have migration policies evolved since WWII?

<p>They have increasingly included bilateral treaties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which policy field does NOT pertain to migration rights?

<p>Taxation of visa holders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical factor tends to shape more inclusive citizenship regimes?

<p>Colonial history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'institutionalization' of migration refer to?

<p>Regulated approaches towards different migrant categories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the internal boundary in migration policy?

<p>Differentiation of rights between national citizens and foreign residents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Non-Western Migrant

A person migrating from Africa, Latin America, or Asia (excluding Indonesia and Japan), or Turkey, to another country.

Neoclassical Migration Theory

Theory stating migration decisions are based on perceived economic differences between origin and destination.

New Economics of Labor Migration

Theory explaining migration as an investment by a household, not just an individual.

Human Capital Theory

Theory that migration increases individual human capital (skills) through experience.

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Roy-Borjas Model

Model showing immigrants are often more skilled/motivated than their home country counterparts.

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Push-Pull Model

Migration motivated by negative conditions ('push') in the origin and positive conditions ('pull') in the destination.

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Remittances

Money sent from migrants to their families back home.

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Wage Differentials

Difference in salaries between two locations.

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World Systems Theory and Migration

Migration is a consequence of global economic disparities, where individuals from poorer regions move to wealthier ones due to economic pressures.

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Functionalist Theories of Migration

View migration as a result of a supply and demand balance in labor markets.

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Structural Theories of Migration

Migration is driven by factors outside individual control due to historical and social structures.

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Welfare Magnet Hypothesis

More generous welfare benefits attract migrants, particularly those with lower skills and earning potential.

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Agency in Migration

Individuals' choices and decisions are not solely determined by external forces (macro structures).

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Impact of NAFTA on Mexican Migration

NAFTA created conditions that allowed US agribusinesses to compete with Mexican farmers, resulting in job losses and migration to the US.

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Critique of Migration Theories

Current theories of migration are deterministic & oversimplify the agency of migrants.

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Investor Citizenship

Granting citizenship or residency rights to attract investors.

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Achievement-based Citizenship

Acquiring citizenship based on past or future achievements in specific fields (e.g., sports, science).

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Dual Citizenship

Holding citizenship in two or more countries simultaneously.

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Statelessness

Lacking citizenship in any country.

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Qatar Citizenship (descent)

Citizenship granted to people born to a Qatari father, or those with Qatari descent.

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Qatar Citizenship (birth)

Citizenship for those born in Qatar, but to unknown parents.

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Qatar Citizenship (naturalization)

Citizenship earned by long-term legal residence in Qatar (25 years), good conduct and Arabic language skills.

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Qatar Citizenship (marriage)

Wives of naturalized Qataris can gain citizenship after 5 years, determined by Emir's decision.

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Social Capital

Relational resources enabling access to others' resources through ties in networks.

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Bonding Social Capital

Within-group connections fostering solidarity and trust, often through closure.

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Closure (Social Capital)

Full connections between members of a social network – all members are linked.

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Bounded Solidarity

Sense of group solidarity, often reacting to perceived threats.

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Enforceable Trust

The ability of a group to monitor and sanction members to maintain trust.

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Strong Ties (Social Capital)

Close relationships leading to solidarity and resource exchange within bonding networks.

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Isolation Argument (Social Capital)

Limited opportunities due to limited new information and access, often through isolated networks.

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Job Referral Limitations

While networks may produce initial jobs, they may not lead to better, higher-paying jobs.

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Direct Discrimination

Treating someone unfairly based on their religion, belief, political opinion, nationality, race, sex, sexual orientation, or marital status.

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Indirect Discrimination

Apparent neutrality, but actually disadvantages a specific group due to characteristics or behavior.

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What is the purpose of the Council Directive 2000/43/EC?

To create a framework for combating discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin, promoting equal treatment across Member States.

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Jaywalking Example

A law seemingly neutral, but applied disproportionately against specific racial groups, making it a form of indirect discrimination.

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Dutch Equal Treatment Act

Law prohibiting discrimination based on religion, belief, political opinion, race, sex, nationality, sexual orientation, or marital status.

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Individual Level Theories

Explanations of discrimination focusing on attitudes and behaviors within individuals.

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Organizational Level Theories

Explanations of discrimination focusing on how organizations contribute to and perpetuate discrimination.

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Structural Level Theories

Explanations of discrimination focusing on how societal patterns and institutions contribute to discriminatory outcomes.

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Field Experiments

Research methods that study real-world situations, like job applications, to measure discrimination.

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Audit/Correspondence Studies

Fictitious applications sent to employers to test for discrimination based on specific characteristics like race or ethnicity.

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Discrimination in Hiring

Unequal treatment of job candidates based on protected characteristics, leading to fewer opportunities for certain groups.

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Meta-Analysis

Combining results from multiple studies to analyze trends and patterns in discrimination.

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Consequences of Discrimination

Negative effects on society, including talent waste, social unrest, and potential for migration-induced victimization.

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Greater Cultural Distance

Higher levels of discrimination occur when there's a bigger cultural gap between the applicant and the employer.

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Statistical Discrimination

Using group-level information, even if not accurate for individuals, to make hiring decisions. This can reinforce discrimination.

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Prejudice in Hiring

Unfounded negative beliefs or attitudes about certain groups influencing hiring decisions.

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Ius Soli

The right of the soil, meaning citizenship is granted to anyone born within the territory of a country. It is common in North and South America.

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Ius Sanguinis

The right of blood, meaning citizenship is passed down from parents to their children. For example, if your parents are citizens of a country, you will also be a citizen of that country.

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Ius Matrimonii

The right of marriage, meaning citizenship is acquired through marriage. Typically, the spouse may be granted citizenship after meeting certain requirements.

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Naturalization

The process of becoming a citizen of a country after birth through an official application and meeting specific requirements, such as residency and language proficiency.

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Restrictions of Ius Soli

Some countries restrict the automatic granting of citizenship to children born within their territories, requiring additional criteria.

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Gender Dimension of Ius Sanguinis

Traditionally, ius sanguinis was often tied to the father's lineage, giving preference to paternal citizenship over maternal citizenship in granting citizenship to children.

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Human Capital

The skills, knowledge, and experience that individuals possess, which are valuable in the labor market. It includes education, training, and work experience.

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Transferability of Skills

The extent to which skills acquired in one context (e.g., education in the origin country) are recognized and valued in another context (e.g., the labor market in the destination country).

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Credentialing Theory

The idea that degrees are not just evidence of skills but also signals of quality and potential to employers. Employers use degrees as a way to screen candidates.

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Discrimination

Unfair treatment of individuals based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics.

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Asylum-seeker

Someone who has applied for protection from persecution in another country but is waiting for a decision.

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Refugee Status Recognition

Official granting of protection to someone fleeing persecution, allowing them to stay legally.

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Refoulement

Forcing a refugee back to a country where they face persecution or danger.

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Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone forced to flee their home within their own country due to conflict, violence, or disaster.

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Human Smuggling

Illegal facilitation of entry into a country for financial gain, with migrant's consent.

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Human Trafficking

Exploiting someone for forced labor or sexual services, using coercion, deception, or force.

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Geneva Convention on Refugees

International treaty defining who is a refugee and outlining rights of refugees and responsibilities of states.

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What are the key elements of the Geneva Convention's definition of a refugee?

A person fearing persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion, unable or unwilling to seek their own country's protection.

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Migration Policy

Laws and regulations enacted by states to control the flow, origin, and characteristics of migration.

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External Boundary

The line that separates citizens from immigrants, marking who belongs within a nation.

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Internal Boundary

The distinction between citizens and foreign residents within a state, determined by citizenship rights.

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Citizenship Rights

Rules and entitlements that define the boundaries of national belonging and the rights and obligations associated with it.

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Colonial History & Citizenship

Countries with former colonies tend to have more inclusive citizenship regimes due to their historical relationships with the outside world, although they can still be xenophobic.

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Democratic History & Citizenship

Early democracies tend to develop more inclusive conceptions of national identity based on civic values rather than ethnicity.

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Unintended Consequences of Migration Policies

Policies designed to control migration can have unexpected effects, such as changing the types of migrants or creating new migration patterns.

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What are the two theoretical dimensions of citizenship rights?

Individual rights, attributed to the immigrant as an individual, and cultural or religious rights that apply to immigrants based on group affiliation.

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Citizenship Regime Theory

Explains how different countries manage access to citizenship, including the rules, procedures, and criteria involved.

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Citizenship by Investment

A fast track to citizenship for wealthy individuals who invest a significant amount of money in a country.

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Invisible Borders

Barriers that are not physical, but are formed by social and economic inequality, creating divisions within a territory.

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Cultural Dimension of Citizenship

Examines how a society defines who belongs and how citizenship is linked to cultural values and integration.

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What is the purpose of the immigration regime?

To regulate the entry, residence, and participation of immigrants in a country's economic, cultural, and political life.

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Self-Selection of Immigrants

The tendency for immigrants to choose destinations based on their skills and motivations, often choosing countries that offer opportunities aligned with their abilities.

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Critique of the Roy-Borjas Model

The Roy-Borjas model assumes uniform migration costs for everyone and ignores social networks and institutional factors like immigration policies. These assumptions can lead to inaccurate conclusions about immigrant selection.

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Dependency Theory / World Systems Theory

These theories view the world as an interconnected system where rich ‘core’ nations exploit poorer ‘peripheral’ nations. This exploitation leads to economic dependency and forces people to migrate for opportunities in the core.

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Migration as a Cause of Inequality

Dependency theory suggests that migration doesn't help peripheral countries ‘catch up’ to the core. Instead, it perpetuates inequality, as wealthy countries exploit the cheap labor from poorer nations.

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US-Mexican Migration & World Systems Theory

This theory explains Mexican migration to the US as a result of the US's dominance in the global economy. The US exploits Mexican labor and resources, creating economic pressures that drive Mexicans to seek opportunities in the US.

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Migration as a Tool for Cheap Labor

Structural theories argue that migration can be used by wealthy countries to gain cheap labor, which benefits businesses and economic growth. This can lead to lower wages and increased profits for the wealthy.

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Foreign Investment Impacts

According to Dependency Theory, foreign investment from core countries can disrupt local economies in peripheral regions. This disruption can force people to migrate in search of work and opportunity.

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Study Notes

Migration & Citizenship: Lecture Notes

  • A new paradigm for understanding human mobility views migration as an intrinsic part of broad processes of development and social transformation, not just a problem or solution.
  • Migration is shaped by, and shapes, broader processes of change (development, social transformation, globalization).

Migration Myths

  • Current global migration is not exceptionally high, rather directional.
  • Restrictions often increase illegal migration by disrupting circulation and discouraging return.
  • Development often leads to increased migration as people gain aspirations to migrate.
  • Immigrants often fill vacancies rather than competing for existing jobs.

Migration Facts

  • Migration myths are often inaccurate
  • Border restrictions don't always reduce migration
  • Development can increase, not reduce, migration.
  • Migrants don't always drive down wages or steal jobs.

Week 2: Analytical Categories

  • Common categories of migration include internal vs. international, temporary vs. permanent, and motives that range from voluntary to forced.
  • Different categories of migrants – labor migrants, investors, students, refugees, family members, undocumented immigrants exist.

Theories of Migration

  • Neoclassical theory highlights wage differentials between origin and destination countries, suggesting migration occurs to maximize utility.
  • World-systems theory emphasises global economic inequalities, and the role of core countries in shaping migration patterns.
  • Critics of neoclassical approach argue that it doesn't fully explain why certain individuals, particularly the low-skilled, choose not to migrate.

Human Capital Theory

  • Migration as investment that increases one's human capital, similar to education
  • Individuals make decisions to migrate for higher returns on their investment.
  • Helps to explain "selectivity" of migration, as those more motivated to improve their socioeconomic position are more likely to engage.

Welfare State

  • More generous welfare provisions attract potential migrants, particularly those with low-skilled labor profiles or lower-earning potential.

Forced vs. Voluntary Migration

  • The distinction between forced and voluntary migration is often not absolute, but rather falls on a spectrum of agency.

1951 Geneva Convention

  • Defines refugees and the rights of those granted asylum, as well as obligations of states.

Human Smuggling and Trafficking

  • Human smuggling involves facilitating illegal entry for financial gain.
  • Human trafficking involves exploitation through coercion/deception.
  • Covid pandemic likely increased human smuggling, and traffic went underground.

Migration Categories and Categorical Fetishism

  • Criticisms of existing migration categories: they often fail to reflect complexities, overlap, and dynamism of real-world migration processes.
  • Existing categories may be created not neutrally but through power dynamics and policies on immigration.

Citizenship and Nationality

  • Citizenship is a legal status outlining the relationship between an individual and a state.
  • Citizenship models (Greek and Roman models) involve varying degrees of participation and rights for citizens.
  • Modern models are based on broader notions of civic responsibilities and rights.

Citizen Models of Citizenship

  • Greek/Athenian: Citizenship based on shared ethnicity/culture; highly exclusionary
  • Roman: Gradually expanded to include non-citizens in various ways; allowed for a degree of social mobility.
  • Westphalian: Borders are fixed and exclusive to the nation-state, associated with modern concepts of citizenship.

Other Theories of Migration and Citizenship

  • The concept of "thick" vs. "thin" vs. "liberal" vs. "restrictive" approaches in migration policy is highlighted, alongside the importance of policy frameworks in shaping the dynamics of migration.

Civic Integration Policies

  • Effective integration of migrants requires not just economic opportunities but also social acceptance and engagement with the prevailing cultural values and norms of the host country.
  • Currently, a complex and variable set of policies are being employed to achieve the goals of inclusive incorporation.

Theories of Discrimination

  • Individual-level theories focus on prejudice, biases, psychological factors, etc., leading people to discriminate based on characteristics like race or ethnicity etc.
  • Organizational level theories suggest discriminatory practices occur within organisations and institutions at a meso level.
  • Structural level theories emphasize how discriminatory practices are embedded in societal structures, norms, institutions, historical context.

Discrimination Measurement

  • Methodologies to measure discrimination, including audit/correspondence and field experiments, are explored.

Consequences of Discrimination

  • Discrimination has significant societal, economic, and individual-level implications, impacting democracy, labor markets, health and well-being and societal cohesion.

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Migration & Citizenship Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz examines the complex relationship between migration and development. It challenges common myths about migration and explores how migration influences social transformation and economic dynamics. Test your understanding of migration facts and analytical categories covered in Week 2.

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