MIDW 485/NURS 413 Unit 2: Learning Theories
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following theorists is NOT associated with Behaviourism?

  • Piaget (correct)
  • Watson
  • Skinner
  • Pavlov

    • Behaviourism emphasizes the internal thoughts and feelings of individuals.

    False

    What are the two types of conditioning in Behaviourism?

    Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning

    In Behaviourism, learning is described through stimuli and ________.

    <p>responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Behaviourism concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Classical conditioning = Learning through association with stimuli Operant conditioning = Learning through rewards and punishments Stimuli = Events that trigger a response Responses = Observable actions resulting from stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a theory of learning mentioned?

    <p>Existentialism Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learning theories are frameworks that aid in the explanation of how people learn.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define learning in your own words.

    <p>The process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that emphasizes the interaction of a learner with their environment is known as __________.

    <p>Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the learning theories with their characteristics:

    <p>Behaviorism = Focus on observable behavior Cognitivism = Emphasis on mental processes Constructivism = Knowledge is constructed through experience Humanistic = Focus on individual potential and self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does understanding learning theories help educators to do?

    <p>Better understand how learning occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The social learning theory emphasizes individual learning experiences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five main theories of learning discussed?

    <p>Behaviourism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, Humanistic, Social Learning Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is emphasized by cognitive theorists in the learning process?

    <p>Transferring information to the learner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gestalt Perspective emphasizes the complexity of learning and discourages simplicity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates learners to act according to the content?

    <p>Goals and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive theory includes several sub-theories, namely: Gestalt Perspective, __________, and Social cognitive theory.

    <p>Information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cognitive theories with their main focus:

    <p>Gestalt Perspective = Importance of perception in learning Information processing theory = Thinking and memory functioning Social cognitive theory = Learning through observation and social interaction Cognitive theory = Mental processing during learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle under Gestalt Perspective focuses on what individuals pay attention to?

    <p>Perception is selective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive theorists believe that past experiences have no influence on learning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one goal of learners that creates tension and motivates them to act.

    <p>Expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of negative punishment?

    <p>Taking away a student’s phone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative reinforcement and punishment are the same concepts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cognitive theorists focus on during the learning process?

    <p>Inner mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learning is a change in _____ that is stored in memory.

    <p>knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Negative Punishment = Taking away something desirable to decrease behavior Cognitivism = Focus on inner mental processes during learning Behaviorism = Focus on observable changes in behavior Reinforcement = Adding or taking away stimuli to increase behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an assumption of cognitivism?

    <p>Learning can be described by changes in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive theorists believe that learning occurs regardless of observable behavior changes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are three prominent proponents of cognitivism?

    <p>Jean Piaget, Ausubel, Brunner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is NOT a proponent of Humanistic Theory?

    <p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humanistic psychology suggests that behavior is largely driven by external rewards and punishments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept emphasizes that individuals have the power to direct their own lives?

    <p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maslow and humanistic psychology believe that students make good decisions when their _______ are met.

    <p>needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following humanistic theory concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Self-actualization = Desire to fulfill one's potential Choice = Central to the learning process Student-centered = Encouragement of learner control over education Psychological growth = Pursuit of fulfillment and satisfaction in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of humanistic learning theory?

    <p>The autonomy and freedom of learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humanistic theory primarily views students as inherently bad decision-makers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the key concepts that Maslow contributed to humanistic psychology.

    <p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of social learning theory according to Albert Bandura?

    <p>Learning by observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social learning theory, the environment plays no significant role in learning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the proponent of social learning theory?

    <p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bandura identified three types of models: live model, symbolic model, and __________.

    <p>verbal instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of model with its definition:

    <p>Live model = An actual person demonstrating a behaviour Symbolic model = A character portrayed in media Verbal instructions = Descriptions of how to behave without a model Vicarious reinforcement = Learning by observing the consequences of others' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an effective role model?

    <p>Irrelevance to the observer's situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vicarious reinforcement means a person learns through their own direct experiences only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mediational processes refer to in Bandura's learning process?

    <p>Active information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course title: MIDW 485/NURS 413: Principles, Theories and Practices of Nurse/Midwifery Education
    • Institution: GARDEN CITY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, KENYASE-KUMASI

    Unit 2: Learning Theories

    • Unit 2 covers learning theories
    • Key topics include Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, Humanistic Theory, Social Learning theory, and Individual Psychological Differences

    Introduction

    • Different people have different learning experiences.
    • Educational psychologists have studied learning and developed theories to explain the learning process.
    • Learning theories serve as guidelines for teaching and learning
    • Learning theories provide a framework for explaining and describing learning

    Towards a Definition

    • Learning is defined as a lasting change in human performance or potential, resulting from interaction with the environment (Driscoll, 1994).
    • Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in a person's knowledge or behaviour due to experience (Mayer, 1982).
    • Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.

    Types of Learning

    • Cognitive Learning
    • Behavioral Learning
    • Social Learning
    • Experiential Learning
    • Self-directed Learning
    • Situational Learning
    • Constructivist Learning

    Learning Theories

    • Five main learning theories: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, Humanistic Theory, and Social Learning theory

    Behaviorism Theory

    • Proponents: Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
    • Learning is the acquisition of new behaviour through conditioning.
    • Learnt behaviour is observable
    • Two types of conditioning: Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) and Operant Conditioning (B.F Skinner)

    Assumptions of Behaviorism

    • Environment influences behaviour
    • Learning is described through stimuli and responses.
    • Learning involves behavioural change.
    • Learning results from close pairing of stimuli and responses

    Classical Conditioning

    • Proponent: Ivan Pavlov
    • Principle: Association/pairing
    • Pavlov's study: Dogs salivating to a bell (neutral stimulus) after it was repeatedly paired with food
    • Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus eliciting the same response as the original stimulus
    • Salivation response conditioned to happen when the bell rings

    Operant Conditioning (The Skinner Box)

    • Proponents: Thorndike & B.F Skinner
    • Principle: Reinforcement and Punishment
    • Organisms learn behaviours through rewards and/or punishments following the behaviour
    • Positive reinforcement: Adding a reward to increase a behaviour (e.g., giving a treat for good behaviour)
    • Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., stopping punishment for good behavior)
    • Punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., giving a detention) or removing a positive stimulus to decrease a behaviour (e.g taking away a toy)

    Reinforcement

    • Reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens the probability of a behaviour.
    • Positive reinforcement = adding a rewarding stimulus
    • Negative reinforcement = removing an aversive stimulus

    Punishment

    • Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour.
    • Positive punishment=Adding an unpleasent stimulus
    • Negative punishment=Removing a rewarding stimulus

    Cognitivism/Cognitive Learning Theory

    • Proponents: Jean Piaget, Ausubel, Brunnel
    • Learning is a change in knowledge stored in memory.
    • Observable behaviour is an indication of what occurs in the learner's mind.
    • Learning is the process by which individuals gain new knowledge and skills.
    • The learner's cognitive processes (perception, thinking, memory and information processing) are significant in learning

    Assumptions of Cognitivism

    • Learning takes place whether or not there is observable behaviour change
    • The key to learning is cognition
    • Cognitive theorists believe teachers can produce learning by transferring information and helping learners organise it for recall

    Sub-theories of Cognitive Theory

    • Gestalt Perspective
    • Information Processing

    Gestalt Perspective

    • Learning is directed towards simplicity, balance and regularity
    • Perception is selective

    Information Processing Theory

    • Emphasizes thinking, reasoning, and storage of information.
    • Stages: Attention, Processing, Memory Storage, and Action

    Attention Phase (Information Processing)

    • The first step in the cognitive learning process is attention.
    • Students must pay attention to what they are experiencing.
    • Limited attention span

    Processing/Storage Phase (Information Processing)

    • Sensory Register, Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory.
    • Information moves from sensory register to short term memory if important or interesting
    • Strategies needed to retain information in short term memory
    • Short term memory has limited capacity
    • Long term memory has unlimited capacity

    Action Phase (Information Processing)

    • The brain organizes information for later retrieval.

    Humanistic Theory

    • Proponents: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, James F.T. Bugental
    • Learners are inherently good and motivated to learn through their feelings
    • Learners are self-motivated and make good decisions when their needs are met
    • Learning is a continuous process through the fulfillment of other needs.
    • Emphasizes freedom and autonomy (self-directed learning and choice).
    • Perceieved utility of the knowledge to the learner
    • Teachers promote a safe learning environment

    Social Learning Theory

    • Proponent: Albert Bandura
    • Learning occurs through observation (watching others).
    • Factors influencing learning: Personal characteristics of the learner; Behaviour patterns; the environment
    • Key concepts: Role modelling, and Vicarious Reinforcement

    Role Modelling

    • Learners learn by copying the behaviours of role models
    • Characteristics of effective role models: competence, prestige, and behaviour relevance.
    • Types of role models: Live models, Symbolic models, Verbal instructions

    Vicarious Reinforcement

    • Learners determine their actions by observing the consequences of the model's behaviour.

    Stages in the Learning Process

    • Attentional phase, Retention phase, Reproduction phase, Motivational phase

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    Unit II Learning Theories PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores essential learning theories such as Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, Humanistic Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Individual Psychological Differences. Understanding these theories is crucial for effective teaching and learning in nurse and midwifery education. Test your knowledge and gain insights into the various approaches to learning.

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