MIDW 485 Unit 2: Learning Theories

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Questions and Answers

What factor is NOT part of the attentional phase in the learning process?

Observer characteristics (correct)

Characteristics of the role models

Past experiences of the learner

Cognitive abilities of the learner

During which phase is the mental rehearsal crucial for reinforcing behavior?

Motivational phase

Retention phase

Attentional phase

Reproduction phase (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic influencing the retention phase?

Immediate feedback from the model

The complexity of the behavior (correct)

Cognitive rehearsal (correct)

The status of the role model

What effectively determines whether the learner performs a behavior during the motivational phase?

Reinforcement or punishment from the role model Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of factors does NOT influence the attentional phase?

Observer’s past experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial stage that must occur before learning can begin?

Attention Signup and view all the answers

How many learned tasks can the average person hold in their attention at once?

Two or three tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which level of memory does information enter first in the information processing system?

Sensory Register Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that influences the transfer of information from Short-term Memory to Long-term Memory?

Rote memorization and rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

How long can information be retained in Short-term Memory without rehearsal?

Up to 20 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Action stage in the information processing theory?

To retrieve organized information for use Signup and view all the answers

Which factor limits the capacity of Short-term Memory?

Limited cognitive load Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves actively moving information into memory storage?

Processing Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of learning emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior?

Social Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Behaviorism Theory in the context of learning?

Reinforcement of behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that learning is an active, constructive process where learners build new knowledge upon existing frameworks?

Constructivism Theory Signup and view all the answers

How can understanding learning theories assist educators in the teaching-learning process?

It allows for personalized strategies based on individual learning styles. Signup and view all the answers

What does the definition of learning suggest about its permanence?

Learning is a relatively permanent change due to experience. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Humanistic Theory of learning?

Focuses on psychological conditions that facilitate learning. Signup and view all the answers

What role do learning theories play in the context of instructional tools and strategies?

They provide rationale for the selection of techniques and resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of learning is highlighted by the definition provided in the material?

Learning involves changes that occur through experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle behind classical conditioning as established by Ivan Pavlov?

Association/pairing Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what was the initially neutral stimulus that eventually elicited salivation in dogs?

The bell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of operant conditioning as identified by Thorndike and B.F. Skinner?

Conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?

It increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated Signup and view all the answers

What best describes negative reinforcement?

Removing an aversive stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What role do rewards play in the context of operant conditioning?

They increase motivation to learn Signup and view all the answers

Which of these examples illustrates positive reinforcement?

Giving a child an ice cream cone for good behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT integral to social learning theory as proposed by Bandura?

Emotional reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

It has no effect before conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for a model to effectively influence learning?

The model must possess certain competencies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of model is associated with descriptions of how to behave without a physical presence?

Verbal instructions Signup and view all the answers

In the context of vicarious reinforcement, what determines the likelihood of imitating a behaviour?

The perceived consequences faced by the model Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the process of role modelling in social learning theory?

Watching a skilled dancer and mimicking their movements Signup and view all the answers

Bandura’s social learning theory emphasizes which of the following processes during learning?

Active information processing and mediation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence learning according to social learning theory?

Social status of the observer Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the learning process as proposed by Bandura?

Delayed emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

What does negative punishment involve?

Removing a desired stimulus after an undesired behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement increases behavior while punishment decreases it. Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive theorists, what is the best indicator of learning?

Internal mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assumptions is made by cognitive psychologists?

Learning occurs regardless of observable behavior changes. Signup and view all the answers

What concept does cognitivism primarily focus on during the teaching-learning process?

Inner mental processes such as memory and problem-solving. Signup and view all the answers

Who are some prominent proponents of cognitive learning theory?

Jean Piaget and Ausubel. Signup and view all the answers

In cognitivism, which of the following is not considered essential for learning?

Motivation from rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitivism assert about knowledge acquisition?

It involves storage and retrieval processes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course title: Principles, Theories, and Practices of Nurse/Midwifery Education
Course code: MIDW 485/NURS 413
Institution: Garden City University College, Kenyase-Kumasi

Unit 2: Learning Theories

Topics covered in Unit 2: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, Humanistic Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Individual Psychological Differences

Introduction

Learning is a multifaceted process, shaped by diverse perspectives.
Educational psychologists have formulated various theories to explain learning.
Different learning theories offer frameworks for understanding and guiding teaching-learning processes.
Learning theories provide a structure for selecting instructional tools and techniques that enhance learning.

Definitions of Learning

Learning is a lasting change in human performance or potential that results from interaction with the environment, or a relatively permanent change in a person's knowledge or behavior due to experience.
Learning encompasses acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.

Types of Learning

Cognitive Learning
Behavioral Learning
Social Learning
Experiential Learning
Self-directed Learning
Situational Learning
Constructivist Learning

Learning Theories

Behaviorism (Proponents: Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)
- Learning is acquiring new behavior through conditioning.
- Behavior must be observable.
- Two types of conditioning: classical and operant.
Assumptions:
- Environment influences behaviour.
- Learning is described through stimuli and responses.
- Learning involves behavioral change if no observable change occurs.
- Learning results from timely pairings of stimuli and responses.
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov):
- Association/pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Pavlov's dogs experiment demonstrated this process.
Operant Conditioning (B. F. Skinner):
- Skinner box demonstrated the impact of reinforcement on behavior.
Reinforcement
- Enhances the probability of a behavior recurring.
- Can be positive (adding a stimulus) or negative (removing a stimulus).
Punishment
- Decreases the probability of a behavior recurring.
- Can also be positive (adding an unpleasant stimulus) or negative (remove a desirable stimulus).
Cognitivism (Proponents: Jean Piaget, Ausubel, Brunnel)
- Focuses on inner mental processes.
- Learning involves a change in knowledge stored in memory, not just behavior.
Assumptions:
- Learning occurs regardless of observable change.
- The key to learning is cognitive processes (perception, thought, memory, and information processing).
- Learners' goals, expectations, disequilibrium, imbalances, and tensions motivate action.
- Teaching involves transferring information, organizing it, and helping learners recall it.

Gestalt Perspective

Focuses on perception's role in learning.
Learning is driven by simplicity, equilibrium, and regularity.
Students are receptive to clear explanations that relate directly to their experiences.
Perception is selective, influenced by past experiences, and motivations.

Information Processing Theory

Emphasizes thinking, reasoning, and the way information is stored and retrieved.
Stages in the process: attention, processing, memory storage, and action.
Includes sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Humanistic Theory (Proponents: Maslow, Rogers, Bugental)

Emphasizes the learner's inherent goodness and ability to self-direct learning.
Learners bring their feelings into the learning process.
Learners' motivation to learn is influenced by their needs, feelings, and goals.

Much of learning occurs by observation and modeling.
Factors determining learning involve Personal characteristics of the learner, Behavior patterns, and The environment.
Key concepts: Role modeling and Vicarious reinforcement.
Stages in the learning process: Attentional phase, Retention phase, Reproduction phase, Motivational phase.

Role Modelling

Learning happens through observation of others' behaviours.
Effective models possess characteristics like competence, high status, and relevance to the observer's situation.
Three types of models -Live, Symbolic, and Verbal Instrucions.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learners learn through observing the consequences of others' actions (reinforcement or punishment).

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Description

This quiz explores various learning theories such as Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism, which are crucial in the context of Nurse/Midwifery Education. Understanding these theories helps educators select appropriate instructional tools for effective teaching and learning experiences. Test your knowledge on the frameworks that guide learning processes.