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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a prototype in the context of learning?
What is the primary function of a prototype in the context of learning?
What is the primary purpose of mnemonic aids in learning?
What is the primary purpose of mnemonic aids in learning?
Which cognitive psychology theory studies the mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and using knowledge?
Which cognitive psychology theory studies the mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and using knowledge?
Who is credited with developing the concept of Insight Learning?
Who is credited with developing the concept of Insight Learning?
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What is the fundamental principle of Gestalt Psychology?
What is the fundamental principle of Gestalt Psychology?
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What is the primary goal of problem-solving, according to Mayer's definition?
What is the primary goal of problem-solving, according to Mayer's definition?
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What is the law that states that we perceive elements arranged on a line or a curve as related to each other?
What is the law that states that we perceive elements arranged on a line or a curve as related to each other?
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What is the true measure of effective memory, according to the concept of retrieval?
What is the true measure of effective memory, according to the concept of retrieval?
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What is the primary focus of the Mental Discipline Theory?
What is the primary focus of the Mental Discipline Theory?
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Which of the following factors is NOT a key consideration in learning?
Which of the following factors is NOT a key consideration in learning?
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According to Jerome Bruner, what is essential for effective learning?
According to Jerome Bruner, what is essential for effective learning?
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What is the primary goal of elaboration?
What is the primary goal of elaboration?
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What occurs during the incubation stage of the creative process?
What occurs during the incubation stage of the creative process?
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What is the primary focus of David Ausubel's theory?
What is the primary focus of David Ausubel's theory?
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What is the primary function of inhibition in learning?
What is the primary function of inhibition in learning?
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What is the primary characteristic of latent learning?
What is the primary characteristic of latent learning?
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What is the stage of psychosocial development where children begin to assert their power and control over the world?
What is the stage of psychosocial development where children begin to assert their power and control over the world?
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What is the term for the method of explaining and treating mental and emotional problems by having the patient talk about dreams, feelings, and memories?
What is the term for the method of explaining and treating mental and emotional problems by having the patient talk about dreams, feelings, and memories?
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What is the part of the mind responsible for all involuntary actions?
What is the part of the mind responsible for all involuntary actions?
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Who is the Russian-born American psychologist known for his ecological systems theory of child development?
Who is the Russian-born American psychologist known for his ecological systems theory of child development?
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What is the term for the higher-level functions of the brain, including language, imagination, perception, and planning?
What is the term for the higher-level functions of the brain, including language, imagination, perception, and planning?
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What is the term for the appreciation of what one already knows, thinking about thinking, and knowing what we know and don't know?
What is the term for the appreciation of what one already knows, thinking about thinking, and knowing what we know and don't know?
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Who is the American educational psychologist who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery learning?
Who is the American educational psychologist who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery learning?
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What is the term for the transfer of learning when learning in one situation facilitates learning in another situation?
What is the term for the transfer of learning when learning in one situation facilitates learning in another situation?
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Study Notes
Problem Solving
- Problem solving is cognitive processing directed at achieving a goal when the problem solver does not initially know a solution method.
Mesosystem
- A mesosystem is where a person's individual microsystems do not function independently but are interconnected and assert influence upon one another.
Exemplars
- Exemplars represent a variety of examples that allow learners to know that an example under a concept has variability.
Mnemonic Aids
- Mnemonic aids are memory techniques that learners may employ to help them retain and retrieve information more effectively.
Prototype
- A prototype is an idea or a visual image of a "typical" example, usually formed based on positive instances that learners encounter most often.
Wolfgang Kohler
- Wolfgang Kohler connected Gestalt Psychology to the natural sciences, arguing that organic phenomena are examples of holism at work.
IPT (Information Processing Theory)
- IPT is a cognitive psychology theory that studies mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and using knowledge.
Insight Learning
- Insight learning was first developed by Wolfgang Kohler, describing experiments with apes where the apes could use boxes and sticks to solve problems.
Robert Gagne
- Robert Gagne was an American Education Psychologist best known for his Conditions of Learning Theory.
Procedural Knowledge
- Procedural knowledge is knowledge on how to do things, such as making a lesson plan and baking cookies.
Law of Continuation/Continuity
- The Law of Continuation/Continuity states that we perceive elements arranged on a line or a curve as related to each other, while elements that are not on the line or curve are seen as separate.
Retrieval
- Retrieval is when information is brought back at the appropriate time and reactivates to use on a current task, which is the true measure of effective memory.
Gestalt
- Gestalt is a German term for "Configuration," referring to a school of psychology that focuses on the organization of visual elements into groups or unified wholes.
Gestalt Psychology
- Gestalt psychology is a psychological theory that attempts to understand the world around us, not by focusing on every small component, but by perceiving objects as elements of more complex systems.
Phi Phenomenon
- The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion where two stationary objects seem to move if they are shown appearing and disappearing in rapid succession.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
- Stage 3 of psychosocial development is when children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction, occurring during preschool years.
Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalysis is a method of explaining and treating mental and emotional problems by having the patient talk about dreams, feelings, memories, etc.
Subconscious Mind
- The subconscious mind is part of the mind that is responsible for all involuntary actions.
Unconscious Mind
- The unconscious mind is the storage of all memories, habits, and emotions.
Id
- The id is the biological component of the personality and includes instincts.
Conventional Morality
- Conventional morality is a moral development stage where individuals begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models.
Urie Bronfenbrenner
- Urie Bronfenbrenner was a Russian-born American psychologist known for his ecological systems theory of child development.
Jean Lave
- Jean Lave is a social anthropologist who theorizes learning as changing participation in ongoing changing practice.
George Miller
- George Miller is known for his seminal paper, "The Magical Number 7 Plus or Minus 2," which proposes that human short-term memory has a limited capacity of seven items, plus or minus two.
Cognition
- Cognition refers to the higher-level functions of the brain and encompasses language, imagination, perception, and planning.
Metacognition
- Metacognition is an appreciation of what one already knows, thinking about thinking, knowing what we know, and what we don't know.
Benjamin Bloom
- Benjamin Bloom was an American educational psychologist who made contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery learning.
Positive Transfer
- Positive transfer is the transfer of learning when learning in one situation facilitates learning in another situation.
Mental Discipline Theory or Faculty Psychology
- Mental discipline theory, also known as faculty theory, states that education is a matter of training or disciplining the mind through vigorous mental exercises.
Individual Differences Factors
- Individual differences factors include personality, intelligence, learning styles, motivations, abilities, talents, emotional intelligence, cultural and social background, and genetics.
Effective Learning
- Learning is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into account.
Jerome Bruner
- Jerome Bruner believed that whatever new information we desire or require to understand must be connected to whatever we currently know.
Random Trial and Error
- Random trial and error involves randomly selecting a legal move and applying it to create a new problem state and repeating that process until the goal is reached.
Elaboration
- Elaboration is the ability to systematize and organize the details of an idea in one's head before carrying it out.
Incubation Stage
- The incubation stage is the period where a person unconsciously continues to support work on an idea, but there is no active attempt to solve the problem.
David Ausubel
- David Ausubel's theory was originally designed purely for instructional design, in contrast to numerous other educational hypotheses which are psychology-based concepts adapted to curriculum design.
Inhibition
- Inhibition is learning not to do something that we already know how to do because a model being observed refrains from behaving in that way or does something different from what is intended to be done.
Latent Learning
- Latent learning is learning that remains or stays with the individual until needed.
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Description
Explore key concepts in cognitive psychology, including problem-solving, mesosystems, exemplars, and mnemonic aids. Learn how these processes impact learning and goal achievement.
